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A level Geography > Coastal Landscapes And Change > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes And Change Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

The coastal zone in which sediment are moved around

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2
Q

Where is the littoral zone

A

From the highest sea level line to shallow off-shore water

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3
Q

What are the 4 sub zones

A

Backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore

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4
Q

Name the three other zones

A

Breaker zone, surf zone, swash zone

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5
Q

What is lithology

A

The physical properties of a rock

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6
Q

What is sub-aerial weathering

A

Breaking down of a rock in situ

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7
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium

A

The littoral zone with inputs outputs and processes

Where a natural system tries to achieve a balance by making constant changes in response to influences within the system

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8
Q

Name the three different coastlines

A

Rocky cliff

Coastal plains: sandy and estuarine

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9
Q

What will determine the landscape of the coast

A

The amount of energy will determine whether it is retreating or advancing

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10
Q

What is energy provided by

A

Waves, but also weather, rivers and large and small scale sea currents

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11
Q

How are concordant and discordant coastlines created

A

When you have areas of differing rock types of varying resistance to erosion

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12
Q

What are the factors

A

How consolidated the material is, the number of joints and folds

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13
Q

Where is wave energy concentrated

A

At headlands and reduced around bays as as the water depth decreases so does wave energy

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14
Q

Name some landforms and examples low energy coastlines

A

Spits, salt marshes, beaches and the east Anglian coast

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15
Q

Name some landforms and examples of a high energy coastline

A

Cliffs, arches, caves and Atlantic coasts of Norway and Scotland

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16
Q

Where are the different rock types found around the uk

A

Igneous - dotted around, mainly around the coast
Sedimentary - north, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Metamorphic - east of the Tees-Exe line

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17
Q

The steeper then bedding plane the what?

A

Gentler the slope

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18
Q

What has unconsolidated sediment not undergone

A

Lithification

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19
Q

What is pore water pressure

A

The pressure water experiences at a particular point below the water table

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20
Q

Explain the three different types of lithology

A

Non porous and non permeable
Porous and permeable
Porous and non permeable

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21
Q

Explain each rock types and it’s erosion rate

A

Sedimentary - moderate to fast due to being classic and having many bedding planes
Metamorphic - slow due to pressure they have in faults and crystalline
Igneous - very slow due to interlocking crystals

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22
Q

Name the three types of sub aerial weathering

A

Chemical, mechanical and differential

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23
Q

Name the 4 types of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis - chemical reaction of rock and water
Carbonation - reaction between water and CO2
Hydration - minerals in the rock absorb water and swell
Oxidation - when minerals react with oxygen

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24
Q

Name the 2 types of mechanical weathering

A

Frost shattering
Salt crystallisation - saline water evaporating, leaving behind sodium and magnesium in joints and cracks which grow and exert pressure on the rock

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25
Explain differential erosion
Coastal recession rates can be determined by comparing historical maps with new ones, or using LiDAR It is the selective erosion of areas of weakness
26
What is plant succession
A progressive change in the dominant plant community over time
27
What are pioneering plants
A specialised plant which is the first plant to grow in its environment
28
What’s a halosere
A salt marsh environment with salty and damp conditions
29
What’s a halophytic
A plant which is highly salt tolerant
30
What is brackish
Slightly salty water
31
What is flora
Plants
32
What is fauna
Animals
33
What is humus
Organic component of soil formed of decomposed materials
34
What does a salt marsh need
Little wave action Shelter from exposure Low energy
35
Name and explain the three processes in salt marsh making
Sedimentation is when fine particles fall out of suspension Accretion is when these particles build up Flocculation is when negatively charged sea particles are neutralised by sea water as they are no longer repelling each otherother
36
What is the first stage of salt marshes
Microscopic algal growth where algae eg gut weed and sea lettuce grow on stones in the mud and trap particles
37
Stage 2
Mud experiences longer periods of emersion due to being built up and it reaches low mean tide height. Emersed 2-3 days of the year
38
Stage 3
Plants need these 2-3 days to germinate and extend its radicle eg glasswort
39
Stage 4
As these initial plants trap sediment and die, adding humus to the mud, less salt tolerant plants start to colonise the upper parts eg salt grass
40
Stage 5
Eventually upper parts are raised above regular submersion and will grow further. Even more complex plants will colonise the area until the climax community trees eg ash is reached with a fully developed creek system. This is known as vegetation succession
41
How are sand dunes formed
Formed by sand that has been deposited by constructive waves and blown in by the wind
42
What does xerophytic mean
Survive with very little water eg marram grass
43
What’s an embryo dune
First developed Stabilisation occurs via marram grass which acts as a trap for sand Conditions are very dry and plants adapt with long roots
44
What’s a yellow dune
Heights can reach 5m | Plants include sand sedge
45
What are fixed grey dunes
Limited growth due to distance from beach | More stable with plants like heather
46
What are dune slacks
Depressions between dune ridges which are damp in summer and water filled in winter Species include water mint
47
What are blow outs
Evidence of human use, large holes in dunes
48
What is a psammosere
Succession of growth in plants in sandy conditions
49
What is a halosere
Succession of growth in plants in saline conditions
50
What type of breakers do constructive waves have
Spilling breakers
51
What type of breakers do destructive waves have
Plunging breakers
52
What is the frequency of each type
C - 6-8 per min | D - 13-15 per min
53
Name the four types of erosion
Hydraulic action Corrosion Abrasion Attrition
54
What is corrosion
Sea water and salt spray may react with rock minerals that dissolved the minerals
55
What is a sediment cell
A stretch of a coastline which is usually bordered but two prominent headlands Not a closed system
56
How many sediment cells are there on the uk
11
57
What is eustatic change
The level of water in the ocean which creates sea level
58
What is isostatic change
The level of the land relative to the sea levellever
59
What is isostatic subsidence
The land stinks due to the weight of overlaying iceice
60
What is isostatic recovery
The land rises as the weight of the land is reduced and the land becomes more buoyant
61
Which is the fastest change
Eustatic
62
What is causing the uk to tilt
Isostatic recovery
63
What is thermal expansion
The tendency of matter to change shape, area and volume in response to a change in temp
64
Name four features of rising sea levels
Rias, fjords, fjards and a Dalmatian coastline
65
What are rias
Drowned river valleys
66
What are fjords
Flooded u shaped valleys
67
What are fjards
Glaciated lowland areas that have been flooded
68
What is a Dalmatian coastline
Where valleys lied parallel to each other and are now flooded which creates a series of offshore islands
69
Give three features of falling sea levels
Raised beaches, relic cliffs, slope over wall cliffs
70
What is slope over wall cliffs
Soft rock on top of hard rock and erosion until an angle of rest is achieved
71
What does the IPCC predict for the future
Sea level rise by 55cm by 2100 and delta flooding risk increased by 50%
72
What can be done about climate change
Adaption- making changes to lessen the impact | Mitigation- making efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases
73
Define hard engineering
Controlling natural processes with artificially built structures
74
Define soft engineering
Uses ecological principles and practices to work with the natural processes to achieve stabilisation of the shoreline
75
What three things does sustainability need to meet
Environmentally economically and socially
76
What does SCM stand for
sustainable coastal management
77
What does ICZM stand for
integrated coastal zone management
78
What do ICZM's aim to bring together
economic decision makers and different government levels eg council and MP
79
What do ICZM's aim to conserve
coastal ecosystems to ensure the ability of future generations to use the coast
80
What do ICZM's emphasise
cooperation between stakeholders (anyone who has an interest)
81
Why is it a dynamic process
due to changing demands
82
Where are they used
across the world
83
What does SMP stand for
shoreline management policies
84
What are they based on
sediment cells
85
Why was SMP 1 criticized
for not listening to local people
86
How long are they meant to last for
100 years
87
What are the policies judged on
What is appropriate for the country
88
Name another mechanical weathering process
wetting and drying
89
What are the four options for SMP's
hold the line advance the line managed retreat no active intervention
90
In order to decide where to protect on coasts such as the Holderness Coast, what is used
cost-benefit analysis and an environmental impact assessment

A level Geography (8 decks)

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