Management of regeneration (EQ3 + 4) Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Address an imbalance in infrastructure between the North and the South
A
spending per person in London - £2595 a year
per person in North East - £5
2
Q
What does this imbalance lead to
A
lack of labour mobility
3
Q
How has the government tried to address this
A
by the northern powerhouse
4
Q
What is the main aim of the NP
A
to invest in infrastructure in the north by connecting major industrial towns and cities
5
Q
Since the 1980’s there has been an increase in what
A
levels of privatisation and partnerships between the government and private finance companies
6
Q
what are private finance companies
A
companies that help design and build projects in return for long term payments or profits
7
Q
Which cities does HS2 link
A
London to Birmingham (phase 1), then Birmingham to Leeds, Manchester and Sheffield (phase 2)
8
Q
Why is HS2 needed
A
As road expansion has not kept up with demand, congestion costs the UK £22 billion a year in lost time and people can work whilst on trains
9
Q
Name 3 economic impacts of HS2
A
Estimated to bring in around £45 billion in economic benefits over 6 decades
Money will come from taxpayers
Estimated cost stands at £32 billion and the IEA have said it will cost more than it will benefit
10
Q
Name 2 environmental impacts
A
Will affect the UK’s carbon emission target
Lots of visual and noise pollution during and after construction
11
Q
Name 2 social impacts
A
Create 60,000 jobs in construction
No intermediate stations so many affected won’t even have access
12
Q
Who is for the Heathrow expansion
A
Richard Branson, business leaders, British Chambers of Commerce
13
Q
Who is against the expansion
A
Mayor of London, MP’s, Greenpeace, high profile celebs
14
Q
Why does Heathrow need more capacity
A
its running at close to 100%, delays will happen if not expanded
15
Q
How will the third runway boost the economy
A
£7bn a year and many long and short term jobs
16
Q
Why are the pollution concerns overplayed
A
new technologies are making planes quieter and less polluting
17
Q
why is there no alternative
A
there is no other location along the Thames to place a new airport
18
Q
Why would the emissions be bad
A
could lead to being 50% of UK total as the rest of the country cuts
19
Q
Why would it put the londoners health at risk
A
high levels of nitrous oxide and noise pollution levels maxed
20
Q
Why is the expansion economically overstated
A
many passengers would be only transit
21
Q
Name 2 other negatives about the expansion
A
a village would be destroyed along with the greenbelt, it is also in a historically bad location as the flight path is over the city
22
Q
Why is rising population a problem for meeting the housing demand
A
there is more immigration and rising birth rates, and people are living to an older age meaning more people need houses
23
Q
Why is multiple households a problem for meeting the housing demand
A
As divorce rate increases, more houses are needed to hold one family
24
Q
Why are overseas investors a problem for meeting the housing demand
A
Property is a safe investment so people are buying property but leaving it unoccupied
25
Why is the lack of affordable housing a problem for meeting the housing demand
since the 1980's lots of social housing has been lost due to the right to buy scheme meaning there is less housing for those on a lower income
26
What do government decisions on housing affect
the rate and type of development that is allowed
27
What are planning laws
Laws made by the government to reduce the negative impacts of regeneration on the social, economic and natural environment
28
Explain the problem in Cornwall for the house demand
Used to be mainly retirees but now families are moving there
27,000 new houses needed but only 16,000 built
Driven house prices up even though it is a fairly low wage county
29
What is fracking
The process of drilling down into horizontal layers of shale deep underground and then injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure to fracture it and release the trapped gas
30
Why has the government decided fracking would be good for the UK
it would mean that we wouldnt have to import gas as it would add to our energy security
31
Why is there so much opposition to the decision of fracking
because the amount of the source is unknown and its been estimated that it might not even be a years worth by a British Geological survey
it can also contaminate groundwater if some bursts
32
Which other decisions does the government make that have impacts on the potential for economic growth and direct and indirect investment
decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets
33
Name a town that has seen positive effects from international migration
Corby
34
Explain what has happened in Corby
It previously had an ageing population and an increasingly poorly skilled workforce
East European entrepreneurs moved there since 2006 and set up many businesses
property crime and anti social behaviour has halved since 2006
35
Why is migration good for ageing populations
Migrants are usually young families so they are making the population more sustainable
36
How will the labour market be affected by Brexit
Not as many low skilled workers will be coming in due to the points based system
only allowing people in where we have specific skill shortages
no free movement of labour that comes with being in the EU
37
What changes came with Thatchers deregulation of capital markets
London Stock Exchange no longer had monopoly on all share dealings - freedom of individuals to invest
Barriers stopping overseas banks from setting up offices were removed
38
What were the positives of this governments decision
it allowed foreign investors to invest without seeking approval from the government first - doubled the UK's GDP account for business, finance and banking
39
What were the negatives from this deregulation
It controversially increased migration due to the movement between companies
40
Define regeneration
improving a rural or urban area by making positive changes
41
Define redevelopment
knocking down and replacing derelict buildings
42
Define rebranding
creating a new look or reputation for an area
43
Define reimaging
part of a regeneration strategy by changing the image or name of a place
44
What does post production mean
when agriculture is no longer the major employer
45
Give an example of a post production place
Cornwall
46
What are the two reasons why Cornwall needs rebranding and regeneration
It old economy has declined (farmimg, fishing, quarrying)
| Its new economy is varied and tourism is seasonal, it only has a small quaternary sector
47
Why does its location cause problems
its isolated, not in the economic core of the country
48
What does Cornwall have to do to attract investment
compete with other places to gain governmental Redion Aid
49
What comes with regional aid
a local enterprise zone where they rebrand a certain area to attract businesses
50
Name an enterprise zone in Cornwall
Newquay Aerohub Business Park
51
How is Cornwall undergoing diversification
They are trying to shift the economy away from being reliant on tourism
52
What is the business parks 'brand'
its location, trying to attract aviation businesses
53
Was the aerohub a success
not really, as it only made 450/700 proposed jobs and many of them weren't new
up to 2015 there was very little investment
2017 aer lingus said they would fly to canada from cornwall
54
Define legacy
the long term effects of a regeneration scheme
55
Define catalyst
the method used or the event that starts a regeneration scheme
56
Name 3 economic measures of regen success
income
poverty
employment
57
Name 3 social measures of regen success
reduction in inequality
" in deprivation
demographic changes (increased life expectancy)
58
Name 2 evironmental measures of regen success
reduced pollution
| reduction in derelict/abandoned land
59
Name the three different sources of investment
public sector
private sector
public-private partnership
60
Give and explain an example of the private sector
```
Stratford Westfield shopping centre
retail led regen
10,000 jobs
annual turnover 1 billion
contributes to local economy
```
61
Give and explain an example of the public sector
London 2012 olympics
cost 9.3 billion
costs recovered through sales of tickets and athletes village apartment sales
on time, under budget and at a profit
62
Give and explain an example of a public-private partnership
the london docklands regeneration 1990's
potrayed as market led but was public (government handing over land) and private (building of the new areas)
seen as socially advantageous and an economic investment
63
Name players in the public sector
MP's
government officials
councils
64
Name players in the private sector
company directors
shareholders
employees
65
What are the benefits of the public sector
provides services and infrastructure where needed, not where they make profit
can prevent the start of a depressed economy
66
What are the negatives of the public sector
can be slow, inaccurate budgeting and poor delivery times
67
What are the benefits of the private sector
energetic, creative and competitve
68
What are the negatives of the private sector
only serves the companies interests
69
What does the public sector deal with
infrastructure
major national events
health services
70
What does the private sector deal with
technology
| supply chains
71
What do partnerships deal with
housing
72
What is the role of national government and planners in regeneration
planning permission
| pump priming to start nationally important developments
73
What is the role of local councils in regeneration
```
small scale or local regeneration schemes
permissive arrangements (eg street performers)
```
74
What is the role of developers in regeneration
funding of schemes
75
What is the role of local businesses in regeneration
lobby councils
| invest in schemes
76
What is the role of local communities in regeneration
form pressure groups
| vote for local councils
77
What were three economic regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
create new jobs and skills
encourage trade
inward investment from tourism
78
What were three social regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
reduce unemployment
create afforable housing
improve education as new school was built
79
What were three environmental regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
create new green spaces for new habitats
reduce derelict space as Lower Lea valley was cleaned
stadiums built with at least 25% recycled materials
80
What is a contested space
when making a change to said place affects the meaning that other stakeholders attach to that place
81
Name a rural regeneration project
The North Antrim Coast, NI
82
What are the economic reasons for this regeneration
rural diversification - creating 400 jobs, 300 new businesses, 3 percent economic growth by giving £8.5million to support local rural business and creating new business projects
tourism - enhance local amenitites to increase tourism by 10%
83
What are the social reasons for this regeneration
improvement in basic services and transport - village renewal and tackling low educational attainment to improve quality of life for 5000 villagers and make 10 new projects for children and young adults
84
What are the environmental reasons for this regenration
replace the ferry and fund projects to restore and conserve historical buildings and rural heritage
85
Name the six key players in this regeneration
```
National Trust
Moyle District Council
Local farmers
Translink
renewable energy companies
local hoteliers and restauranteurs
```
86
Name an economic criticism of the giants causeway regeneration
locals complain that tourism will dominate the economy
87
Name some social criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration
increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness
88
Name some environmental criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration
new safety equipment would downgrade the quality of the environment and take away from its beauty
tourims and new buses will increase pollution
new tourists may take the site to full capacity and the rocks could be eroded away quicker
89
What are the 4 categories of countryside
preserved
paternalistic
contested
clientalistic
90
Explain the preserved countryside
English Lowlands and the Lakes
preservationalist attitudes of middle class inhabitants
want to preserve the area and contest any development plans
91
Explain the paternalistic countryside
Isle of Jura
areas where the paternal power of old aristocrats and estate owners has gone unchallenged
looking at new ways of income eg deer hunting for tourists
92
Explain the contested countryside
Yorkshire
on the urban fringe where farmers want to make the most of their land through development but people who are moving out there for the countryside contest this
93
Explain the clientalistic countryside
Mid Wales
remoteness and poor climate dont attract many people for tourism or to live
people living their rely heavily on grants
94
Why may places become post production
as technology is taking jobs away from agriculture
95
What are 5 ways to rural rebrand
celebrate heritage and history eg IronBridge
celebrate natural history eg jurassic coast
traditional crafts and foods in festivals
link to media/tv
farm diversification eg mazes
96
What does a polysemic rural landscape mean
that it has varied meanings and views for different groups
97
What are the three viewpoints about rural areas
1 - some places set aside from human use completely
2 - lived in but protected from identity changes
3 - new jobs and homes needed so rural places should change to fit that
98
What are NIMBY feelings
not in my back yard feelings
99
Name 6 different point of view you can include
```
locals
farmers/land owners
local government
investors
environmentalists
national government
```
100
What is a contested space
when making a change to a place affects the meaning other stakeholders attach to it
101
Define stakeholder
someone who has an interest in an area or issue
102
What are sovereign wealth funds
global scale 'piggy banks' to help build global influence and diversify income sources
103
Name a sovereign wealth fund
Norway owning 25% of Regent Street
104
Is there an economic gain to be had from reimaging
no, it is informal
105
What does rebranding involve
deliberate and fromal economic gain changes such as marketing it as a tourist destination
sheding old or unwanted reputations
106
What is the aim of regeneration
environmental transformation
107
What are economic measures of the success of regeneration
increase in local income
increase in employment
improvements in IMD scores
108
What are social measures of the success of regeneration
demographic change - balanced population structure better and more young people means more jobs being created
life expectancy and access to health improved
educational attainment improved
109
What are environmental measures of the success of regeneration
reduce brownfield sites
| improve air and water quality
110
What can impact peoples measure of success
changing of image
| changing of culture
111
Name an urban regeneration project
Salford Quays
112
What are the economic reasons for Salfords regeneration
industrial decline as shipping was taken over by liverpool
deindustrialisation eg Vimto factory closing
docks closed in 1982
house prices fell to £10,000 in the 80's
113
What are the social reasons for Salfords regeneration
increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness
114
What are the environment reasons for Salfords regeneration
many brownfield sites such as vimto factory and the quays
flood risk for 1,800 properties
hydrogen sulphide issues in docks
115
Name 4 stakeholders in the Salford regen
local residents - aim to have a better quality of life, promised 15,000 jobs but not delivered
BBC - aim to save money, deliver same service but cheaper due to relocation, makes it more representative for whole country
local businesses - aim to increase economic gain/income, more people
private residential development company - aim to increase profits, house price increase by 50%
116
Name 5 public sector regeneration projects in Salford
```
railway lines connected
trams to manchester
mediacity UK
council led clean up of water quality
new secondary school
```
