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GEOGRAPHY!! > COASTAL LANDSCAPES - UK > Flashcards

COASTAL LANDSCAPES - UK Flashcards

1
Q

What is the coast

A

The point at which the land meets the sea

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2
Q

Name the four coastal erosion techniques

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Corrosion

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3
Q

What are the features of a typical wave (2)

A

Swash
Backwash

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4
Q

What is the swash of a wave

A

The movement of the wave at the beach

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5
Q

What is the backwash of a wave

A

The movement of the wave back down the beach

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6
Q

The work that waves can do and the power is determined by three factors:

A

The strength of the wind
The length of time that the wind blows
The distance of see that the wind has to cross (the fetch)

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7
Q

What is a constructive wave

A

Constructive waves make beaches
The waivers low
It has a strong swash carrying material at the beach
It has a weak backwash so material is deposited
Most common in summer

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8
Q

What is a destructive wave

A

Destroy/road beaches
Very high wave and frequent
Strong backwash removing material from the beach
Week swash
Most common in winter

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9
Q

What are headlands and bays caused by

A

Differential erosion

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10
Q

What is differential erosion

A

Where resistant and less resistant rock is eroded at different rates, for this to happen the coast has to be a discordant coastline

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11
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

Fans of different rock types run perpendicular to the coast

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12
Q

How do we get headlands and bays

A

1) As waves hit the coastline we get differential erosion because it is a discordant coastline with perpendicular bands of resistant and less resistant rock

2) The less resistant rock is eroded faster than the resistant rock by hydraulic action

3)Overtime the less resistant rock has been eroded and create a bay

4) Overtime the resistant rock hasn’t been raided so sticks out for me headlands

5) During come periods, sheltered areas ( bays ) Allow deposition of beaches

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13
Q

How headlands eroded

A

Crack
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump


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14
Q

An example of an arch in the UK

A

Durdle door in Dorset

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15
Q

Example of a stack and a stump in the UK

A

Old Harry and his wife

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16
Q

How is a cliff and wave cut platform formed

A

1) Erosion starts between high tide and low tide

2)The erosion between high and low tide creates an active zone of erosion

3) Erosion continues to form a wave cut notch in the cliff

4) Wave cut notch gets bigger as it is eroded leaving rock above unsupported

5) The unsupported rock collapses and a new wave cut notch begins

6)We are left with the new cliff and a wave cut platform below the level of low tide as it hasn’t been eroded

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17
Q

Where was Holbeck hall

A

A clifftop hotel in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England, owned by English Rose hotels

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18
Q

What is weathering

A

The breakdown (erosion) of rocks at the Earth surface by:
the action of rainwater,
extremes of temperature,
biological activity

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19
Q

Name the 4 types of weathering

A

Biological
Wind, rain and waves
Freeze thaw
Chemical

20
Q

What is mass movement

A

A geographical term which means the down Hill movement of a large quantities of material under the influence of gravity

21
Q

Name the four types of mass movement at the coast

A

Rockfall
Landslide
Mudflow
Rotational slip

22
Q

When did Holbeck hall fall

A

Between third of June 1993 and sixth of June 1993

23
Q

What caused Holbeck hall to fall

A

1) The summer of 1993 was warm and dry, therefore cracked the clay surrounding the hotel

2). The warm weather was followed by heavy rain which weakened the ground

3) The water penetrated the cracks and lubricated the clay

4) Holbeck hall collapsed because of rotational slip, we have evidence for this as we can see the hotel disaster happened over a period of days in stages


24
Q

Describe how long shore drift works

A

1) Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind and hit the beach at an angle

2)The swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves

3) The backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles straight back towards the sea

4) This is repeated along the coastline in zigzags , Removing material from one end of the beach and adding material to the other end

25
Q

Can longshore drift occur if waves hit the beach at 90°

A

No!!!

26
Q

Can long shore drift t go around bends

A

No, can only go straight along the shoreline

27
Q

What are the ingredients for a split formation

A

Longshore drift
A change in direction of the coastline
A river mouth/estuary

28
Q

How is a split formed

A

1) Longshore drift moves material along the coastline

2)There was a change in direction of the coastline

3) Longshore drift continues in a straight line Straight into the sea

4) Material is deposited sticking out into the sea

5) The river flow prevents any deposition in its course so LSD ends there

6) Waves cannot get behind the split, creating a sheltered area where mudflats or saltmarshes are formed

7) The spit me develop the hook as changes in wind Direction alter the shape

29
Q

How is a bar/barrier beach formed on a coastline

A

1) Longshore drift moves material along the coast in the direction of the prevailing wind

2) The coastline changes direction

3) Longshore drift continues across the bay

4) Sand is deposited across the bay all the way across in closing the bay called a lagoon, separating it from the sea by sandbank

SAND IS DEPOSITED BY LSD ACROSS THE BAY, HEADLAND TO HEADLAND

30
Q

How was the tombolo formed?

A

1) LSD moves material along the coast in the direction of the prevailing wind

2) The coastline changes direction

3) LSD continues out into the sea until it hits an island

4) Deposited sand forms of sandbank connecting mainland to the island

31
Q

What causes a beach at the back of the bay

A

Wave refraction

32
Q

How is the beach formed at the back of the bay

A

1) As the parallel waves approach the coast (equal amount of energy) , They refract when they approach a headland

2) Around a headland, Waves concentrate their energy this causes erosion

3) As the waves approach the bay, wave energy is more spread meaning waves have less energy therefore deposition takes place resulting in a beach

33
Q

What conditions does the beach have to have to form sand dunes

A

1) Large tidal range = beach exposed

2) Large supply of sand

3) Large flat beach

4) Onshore wind blowing up the beach

5) An obstacle such as driftwood

34
Q

How are sand dunes formed

A

Sand is transported to the back of the beach by wind in three main ways :

1) Creep = Wind rolls the big heavy sand

2) Saltation = Lighter sand is bounced, picked up and moved

3) Suspension = Lightest Material is carried in the wind

An obstacle Traps the sand

Sand particles lose energy and are deposited

A sand dune is built up

35
Q

What is a young Sand dune called

A

Embryo Dune

36
Q

What happens to the embryo Dune for it to grow

A

It is colonised by plants like marram grass, the roots of the vegetation stabilise the sand encouraging more Santa accumulate there which forms foredunes and eventually mature dunes

37
Q

What is a small pool in hollows between sand dunes called

A

Dune slack

38
Q

Why is the Dorset coastline perfect a study for coastal landforms

A

Concordant and discordant coastlines

39
Q

Name the 6 Coastal landforms in Dorset

A

Durdle door - an arch
Old Harry and his wife – a stack and a stump
Seacomb cliffs And wave cut platform
Swanage Bay
Hearst Castle spit
Chesil beach - tombolo

40
Q

Hard engineering strategies to protect the coast

A

Seawalls
Rock armour/riprap
Gryones
Gabions

41
Q

Name soft engineering strategies to protect the coast

A

Dune regeneration
Beach profiling
Beach and Ashment
Managed realignment

42
Q

Where is Bournemouth located

A

South of England in Dorset along the coast, at the mouth of the river bourne

43
Q

Why defend Bournemouth at all?

A

Population of 183,000
6.8 million visitors per year
Tourism worth £472.8 million per year
Tourism employs 11,604 people
3000 homes at risk
100 businesses that risk

44
Q

What is being done to protect Bournemouth

A

£50 million scheme
Will include replacing and adding gryones And replenishing the beach
53 gryones will be replaced along the 7 mile seafront

45
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

Bands of rock run parallel to the coastline with one layer/type of rock on the coastline

46
Q

What problems are being caused by protecting Bournemouth’s coast

A

Bourton on Sea is becoming Bolton Insey
This is because LSD has been prevented in Bournemouth so no sound is being transported to Bourton meaning there is a very narrow beach and lots of coastal erosion

GEOGRAPHY!! (6 decks)

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