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coastal management Flashcards

1
Q

why is coastal management put in place?

A

in order to protect homes, businesses and valuable land from coastal erosion and flooding

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2
Q

who is in charge of coastal management?

A

governements and councils but only when socio economic impacts are there

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3
Q

what are the four main approaches in coastal management?

A

hold the line
advance the line
retreat the line
do nothing

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4
Q

what is hold the line approach?

A

maintaining the existing coastal defences but not creating any new ones

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5
Q

what is advance the line approach?

A

new defences are built further out to sea behind existing ones to relive the stress of old ones in an attempt to extend the coastline

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6
Q

what is retreat the line?

A

move people out of danger zones and let nature take its course

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7
Q

what is the do nothing approach?

A

build no new defences and deal with issues at the time or simply do nothing
areas that are not valuable

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8
Q

what are the hard engineering strategies?

A 
groynes 
rip rap 
sea wall
gabions 
reventment 
break waters
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9
Q

what are groynes what do they do?

A

wooden walls that extend out to sea at a 90 degree angle to the coastline, they trap material tat is being crarried down coast by longshore drift, building up the area of beach being it, reducing wave energy so less version

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10
Q

what is the main disadvantage to groins?

A

they starve areas of beach that are further down as material is not being transported here, less wave energy so don’t carry as much
not sustainable

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11
Q

what are sea walls and what do they do?

A

large vertical walls built on the coastline in order to protect against wave erosion

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12
Q

are sea walls sustainable?

A

no, waves that hit the sea wall create a large backwash which undercuts it creating erosion underneath

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13
Q

what are the disadvantages to sea walls?

A

very expensive to build and maintain

ugly

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14
Q

what are gabions and what do they do?

A

large cages filled with rocks that usually are placed at the bottom of cliffs in order to absorb wave energy reducing erosion

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

not that effective and not very pretty

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16
Q

what are the advantages to gabions?

A

fairly cheap to build and maintain

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17
Q

what are resentments and what do they do?

A

slanted structures that are built at the bottom of cliffs made from wood concrete or rocks, waves break against the resentments absorbing wave energy preventing cliff erosion

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18
Q

what are the disadvantages to revetments?

A

expensive to build

create strong backwash similar to sea walls

19
Q

what are the advantages to revetments?

A

cheap to maintain

20
Q

what is a rip rap?

A

builders are piled up along the coastline, boulders absorb wave energy

21
Q

what are the disadvantages to rip raps

A

in stormy conditions they can easily be moved and shifted down the coast, not effective long term and in every weather condition

22
Q

what is a tidal barrier?

A

built across river estuaries they contain a retractable gate that can be lifted when flooding needs to be prevented from storm surges
very effective

23
Q

disadvantage to tidal barriers?

A

very very expensive

24
Q

what are breakwaters?

A

concrete blocks or boulders that are placed offshore, force the wave to break earlier meaning less energy is carried onto shore

25
Q

what is the disadvantages with break waters?

A

very expensive

can be easily damaged in storms as in areas where waves still have high amounts of energy

26
Q

what are the soft engineering techniques?

A 
beach nourishment 
beach stabilisation 
dune regeneration
land use management 
creation of marshland 
coastal realignment
27
Q

what is beac nourishment?

A

sand and shingle is added to beaches from elsewhere e.g. dredged from offshore
]creatibg wider beaches reducing the impact that waves have on coasts and cliffs

28
Q

what is dune regeneration?

A

where sand dunes are created or restored through nourishment or stabilisation
provides a barrier between the land and the sea absorbing wave energy and reducing flooding

29
Q

what is creation of marshland?

A

encourage by planting vegetation that is appropriate such as glassworts
stabilises the sediment and stems help reduce the speed of waves
reduces erosion power and also flooding to inland areas that are around the marsh

30
Q

what is beach stabilisation?

A

involves reducing the slope angle of the beach and planting vegetation or placing dead trees in the beach to stabilise it
wide beaches

31
Q

what is land management?

A

importat for dune regeneration

fencing off areas in which vergetation needs to grow

32
Q

what is beach realignment?

A

also known as managed retreat
involves breaching an existing defence and letting the land behind flood
this allows colonisation of plants over time which will eventually lead it to creation of marshland
so less erosion

33
Q

what is the major issue with hard engineering?

A

that it goes against nature and is not sustaibnable q

34
Q

why should management strategies be sustainable?

A

dont cause too much damage to environment or peoples homes or businesses
cost

35
Q

what is soft engineering designed to do?

A

integrate with the natural environments building habitats such as ones found on marshlands

36
Q

what are the two important management strategies for enabling sustainable coast?

A
  • shoreline management plans (SMP)

- integrated coastal zone management ? (ICZM)

37
Q

what is shoreline management plans?

A

coastline split into spirit cells
for each cell a plan is devised on how to protect important sites without asking problems elsewhere in the sediment cell
each cell authorities
decide whether to hold, retreat, advance or do nothing
overall plan known as SMP

38
Q

who is involved in an SMP

A

all local authorities are encourage to cooperate

39
Q

what determines which of the four options is sued in the SMP?

A
  • cost of strategies
  • value of land
  • rate of coastal erosion
40
Q

what is the integrated coastal zone management?

A

considers all elements of the coastal system

protect coast in a relatively natural way whilst allowing people to use it and develop to in different ways

41
Q

why is the ICZM integrated?

A

-environment is viewed as a whole (land and water interdependant)
different uses of land considered (fishing etc)
local regional and national levels of authority all have an input

42
Q

why is the ICZM dynamic?

A

plans are consistently reevaluated and changed to fit what is happening currently to the coast

43
Q

differences between SMP and ICZM?

A

ICZM looks at managing there coast sustainably and in a natural way whilst looking at all elements in the environment
SMP splits the coast up
ICZM local regional and nation authorities

coasts (14 decks)

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