Coastal Managment

Question 1

Causes of human intervention

Answer 1

To reduce rates of erosion
Limit chances of coastal floods
Protect coastal habitats

Question 2

What % of people live on coast

Answer 2

50% of people live within 60km of a coast

Question 3

What % of large cities on a coast

Answer 3

75%

Question 4

Agencies criteria for what area is at risk

Answer 4

Number of houses at risk
Impact on agriculture
Impact on environment and habitat
Affect on local transport and infrastructure
Cost

Question 5

Traditional approach

Answer 5

Tackle small sections of the coast to stop or slow down erosion
Uses hard and soft engineering

Question 6

Sustainable approaches

Answer 6

Are more holistic and have a long view goal
Aims to consider the whole coastline

Question 7

Groynes

Answer 7

Structures built at right angles to the coast. They trap sediment being moved by long shore drift
Advantages - work w natural processes to build up the beach - not too expensive
Disadvantages - starve the beach further along the coast of fresh sediment - un natural

Question 8

Sea walls

Answer 8

Walls at the foot of the cliff that are curved and reflect waves back to sea
Advantages- effective prevention of erosion - have promenade for people to walk on
Disadvantages - expensive to maintain and build - un natural looking

Question 9

Rock armour

Answer 9

Large rocks placed at the foot of a cliff which absorb wave energy
Advantages- relatively cheap - often used for recreational purposes e.g. fishing
Disadvantages- can be intrusive - can look out of place

Question 10

Revetments

Answer 10

Sloping structures placed at the foot of a cliff which break up waves energy
Advantages- relatively cheap
Disadvantages - need high levels of maintenance

Question 11

Offshore breakwater

Answer 11

A partly submerged rock used to break waves before they reach the coast
Advantages - an effective permeable barrier
Disadvantages - visually unappealing

Question 12

Beach nourishment

Answer 12

The addition of extra sand or pebbles to make a beach wider or taller
Advantages- cheap and easy to maintain - looks natural
Disadvantages- needs constant maintenance

Question 13

Cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 13

Reduces the angle of a cliff to stabilise it
Advantages - can be effective on clay or loose rock where other methods don’t work - cost effective
Disadvantages- causes the cliff to retreat - can lead to rock fall

Question 14

Dune stabilisation

Answer 14

Marram grass can be planted to stabilise dunes - fences can be placed to reduce tramping
Advantages- maintains a natural coastal environment- relatively cheap and sustainable
Disadvantages- time consuming - people may respond negatively to being kept of areas

Question 15

Marsh creation

Answer 15

A form of managed retreat by allowing low lying areas to flood
Advantages - relatively cheap - creates a important habitat
Disadvantages- agricultural land is lost - farmers need to be compensated

Question 16

When were shoreline management plans introduced

Answer 16

In 1995 Shoreland Management Plans were introduced to move away from a piecemeal approach to a more integrated approach to coastal management

Question 17

How many smps are there in uk

Answer 17

There are 22 SMPs around the coast of England and Wales covering the 11 sediment cells.

Question 18

Aims of smps

Answer 18

Each SMP is based on the principle that intervention is largely self-contained within each cell, having little or no knock-on effects elsewhere.

Question 19

Smps plan for the …

Answer 19

short term (0-20 years), the medium term (20-50 years) and the long term (50-100 years).

Question 20

Four smp management options

Answer 20

o Hold the line – when measures are put in place to stop further coastal retreat due to erosion (often using hard engineering strategies).
o Advance the line – this involves extending the coastline further from the existing shore out to sea (by encouraging the build-up of a wider beach, using beach nourishment and groyne construction).
o Managed retreat – when coastlines are allowed to retreat in a managed way, for example when flood banks protecting low value farmland are deliberately breached to create salt- marsh environments.
o Do nothing/no active intervention – this involves putting no management schemes in place and allowing natural processes to take their course.

Question 21

Idea begin the ICZM

Answer 21

is to consider the whole coastal zone