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Geography Alevel > Physical Case Study > Flashcards

Physical Case Study Flashcards

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1
Q

River exe location

A

South west England
Rises in the moorland of exmoor and travels 82.7km to reach sea at ex mouth

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2
Q

River exe catchment

A

601km

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3
Q

Why has the river exe got a large drainage density

A

Largely underlain by impermeable rock (84%)

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4
Q

How much of the catchment is grassland

A

67%

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5
Q

Annual rainfall for river exe

A

1295mm of rainfall annually

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6
Q

Land use % for river exe

A

67% grassland - farmland
15% woodland
10% arable land - crops
3% moors and peat bogs

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7
Q

How far above sea level is the source of river exe

A

514 metres

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8
Q

Location of Amazon rainforest

A

Covers large areas in the north of South America
Lies between cancer and Capricorn
Aprox 15•n to 15•s of equator

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9
Q

Size of Amazon rainforest

A

4% of earths surface

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10
Q

Climate of Amazon rainforest

A

27•C and roughly 2000+mm of annual precipitation

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11
Q

Amazon impact on carbon cycle

A

Accounts for 30-50% of global photosynthesis

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12
Q

Biodiversity of Amazon rainforest

A

Home to almost 20% of species on earth

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13
Q

Amazons impact on earths water

A

15% of global ocean water comes from the Amazon

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14
Q

Water cycle in Amazon

A

50% is used by plants and returned to the atmosphere
80% of rainfall is intercepted

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15
Q

Cause of deforestation in Amazon

A

Agriculture - 80%
Logging - mahogany
Road building - trans Amazon highway
Mineral extraction
Energy development
Settlement and population growth

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16
Q

Change in the Amazon

A

The Amazon basin has lost 17% of its primary rainforest in the last 50 years

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17
Q

Overall impacts of deforestation on the water cycle

A

Reduced evapotranspirstion
means less precipitation
Increased rates of runoff due to less trees
Soil is at risk of erosion which limits re growth

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18
Q

Mitigation on Amazon

A

Deforestation slowed by 75% between 2000 and 2021
Cattle ranching ban
Threat of prosecution
Protected areas
2006 soy moratorium

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19
Q

Eyjafjallajokull background

A

Constructive plate margin
North American and Eurasian plate diverge at a rate of 10-50 mm/year

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20
Q

Eyjafjallajokull nature of vulcanicity

A

Type of lava - basaltic
Viscosity - low
Shape - gentle sides, wide base, shield
Magnitude of eruptions - explosive
Hazards - ash, tephra, little lava, flooding

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21
Q

Primary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A

270 million cubic meters of ash ejected
110 million cubic meters of tephra
Very little lava
No deaths or injured
700 people evacuated

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22
Q

Secondary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Ash contaminated water supplies
20 farms were destroyed
150m thick ice cap was melted causing floods
2 bridges burst

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23
Q

Nepal earthquake of 2015 (Gorkha)

A

Magnitude -7.8
Date - April, 2015
Depth / focus - 15km - very shallow
80km north-west of Kathmandu

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24
Q

Vulnerability of Nepal to gorkha earthquake

A

Nepal GNI is £2730 per capita- its an lic
Kathmandu lies in a valley
Kathmandu has high population density
Infrastructure is poor

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25
Impacts of gorkha earthquake
9000 fatalities 23,000 injuries 700,000 homes destoyed 200 killed in langtang landlides 5.17bn damage
26
Responses to gorkha earthquake
90% of Nepal’s military were deployed The UN immediately released £15m NGOs such as unicef brought in supplies
27
Background of hurricane Katrina
- New Orleans lies below sea level - The levee system was not constructed to modern standards - most of the population were not wealthy enough to leave - 29th august 2005 - category 5 storm
28
Background of haiyan
- one of the strongest tropical storms ever recorded - tacloban had experienced rapid rural-urban migration leading to high population
29
Primary impacts of hurricane Katrina
Over 1000 fatalities More than 1 million became refugees 80% of New Orleans flooded
30
Primary impacts of typhoon haiyan
Over 6000 fatalities 2 million people made homeless 6 million displaced Over 130,000 tonnes of rice lost
31
Responses of hurricane Katrina
Other countries responded, with Kuwait giving £500 million Public donated 1.8 billion 1.2 million people evacuated the day before the storm
32
Responses of typhoon haiyan
The UN released £25 million in emergency funds The uk deployed two navy ships supplying over 200,000 tonnes of aid
33
Background of Alberta wildfire
May 2016 Fire ignited in a remote forested area in fort mcmurray The fire jumper a 1km river and was hard to control
34
Impacts of the Alberta wildfire
90,000 residents of fort mcmurray were evacuated No fatalities or injuries 2400 homes and businesses were destroyed 600,000 hectares of land was destroyed
35
Response of Alberta wildfire
Was monitored using ground and satellite data The complete evacuation was done on the 3rd of may Red Cross and government both donated 50 million
36
Vulnerability of Philippines (MHE)
High population - 11 million people live on the coast of Manila Poverty - 75% live in poverty Lack of investment in hazard protection
37
Nature of hazards in Philippines
Tropical storms - 7-10 each year some very powerful e.g. haiyan Earthquakes - 17 earthquakes above 5 magnitude between 2000 and 2013 20 active volcanoes
38
Physical vulnerability of New Orleans
50% lies below sea level Lies in the gulf coast City is surrounded by levees which acts a a bowl
39
How is the delta formed
Deposition from 3 rivers Ganges Meghna Brahmaputra
40
Geography of the sundarbans
Larger channels tend to be straight, flow north to south and up to 2km wide Smaller channels (khals) connect these large river Khals drain land at low tide
41
Risks of sundarbans
Royal bengal tigers becoming an increasing threat due to deforestation and decreased habitat. Coastal flooding due to eustatic sea level rise Increased cyclones due to warmer seas and temperature Increase coastal erosion due to eustratic sea level change Over exploitation
42
Location and background of sundarbans
Coastal zone occupying worlds largest delta Extends over southern Bangladesh and NE India w a population of over 4 million Are a series of many islands with mangrove forests and swamps
43
Opportunities of sundarbans
Provide a wide range of goods and services for locals Goods include Wood, food, fishing materials Services include Protection Value for tourism and education
44
Safety provided by sundarbans
Reduce force of tsunamis and cyclones by 90%
45
Value of sundarbans
Forests have a value of $12,000 per hectare
46
Adaptions to the challenges of sundarbans
Cyclone shelters being built Introduction of salt tolerant rice NGOS building latrines ( toilets above sea level )
47
Location of east Norfolk coast
Is located on the east coast on England Includes the villages of happisburgh, bacton, sea palling and winterton
48
Happisburgh
Population of 1400 in 600 houses Surrounded by low value agriculture land
49
Bacton
1200 people Bacton gas terminal which processes North Sea gas
50
Sea palling
Low lying and has 650 people Norfolk B-roads is located behind the village
51
Winterton on sea
1200 people
52
Geology of east Norfolk coast
Composed of glacial till, silt and clay Cliffs are between 6-10 metres high Rising sea levels will increase erosion rates
53
Coastal management of east Norfolk coast TRADITIONAL APPROACH
Groynes, riprap and revetments introduced in the 50s after floods Changes in government policy meant funding was no longer available for coastal management In 1990 a storm destroyed 300 metres of wooden revetments
54
Coastal management of east Norfolk coast SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
In 1996 a shoreline management plan SMP6 was created for the area This used integrated coastal management SMP6 covers a sub cell of sediment cell 3 - an area of the coast in which longshore drift is self contained
55
Stake holders in SMP6
Environment agency North Norfolk district council Local borough councils and regional coastal groups (locals):
56
Traditional approach was unsustainable due to several factors
Geology of the coast Sizeable fetch and storms of the North Sea Tidal ranges of over 5 metres Frequent storm surges
57
Exmoor mores project
Restoration of peat bogs on Exmoor has resulted in a third less water leaving the moorland during heavy rainfall By blocking up drainage ditches, the moorland can now hold more water and release it more slowly
58
Average rate of erosion on the east Norfolk coast
2 metres a year
59
Current strategy for bacton
Hold the line Maintain the sea walls New rip rap Build fresh Groynes
60
Current strategy for happisburgh
Managed retreat due to low population and low value land
61
Impact of managed retreat on locals in Happisburgh
Population unhappy Formed a group called coastal resident group Local authority placed rock armour for a compromise
62
Failures of smp6 in east Norfolk coast
Failed to consider inland areas that are affected by erosion
63
Why are sundarbans island stable
Clay and silt are resistant to erosion
64
What are chars
Deposited sand at mouth of the rivers
65
How do mangroves develop
Vegetation succession on exposed sand
66
Causes and effects of flooding on the Bay of Bengal
Causes - eustatic sea level rise Effects - high salinity of water

Geography Alevel (4 decks)

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