coasts

Question 1

What is a littoral zone?

Answer 1

Consists of offshore, nearshore, foreshore and backshore, is a coastal plain and eventually may lead to dynamic equilibrium.

Question 2

Name an input and output of littoral zone.

Answer 2

sediment

Question 3

Describe high and low energy coastlines

Answer 3

destructive waves and greater erosion, constructive waves and lesser erosion.

Question 4

Describe a concordant coastline.

Answer 4

Has bands of soft and hard rock, which are parallel to the sea.

Question 5

Describe discordant coastline.

Answer 5

alternating bands of soft and hard rock perpendicular to sea.

Question 6

What are Dalmatian coasts caused by?

Answer 6

concordant coasts

Question 7

What are headlands and bays caused by?

Answer 7

discordant coasts

Question 8

What is a dip and its different forms?

Answer 8

Dip is the angle of the rock, if towards the sea can cause mass movement if towards land can cause hydraulic action.

Question 9

What are joints and faults?

Answer 9

Weaknesses within the rock and this leads to erosion of rocks if there are more faults and faults.

Question 10

what does bedrock lithology mean?

Answer 10

physical properties of rock.

Question 11

Explain formation of igneous rocks.

Answer 11

formed from magma, has crystals which make it more resistant.

Question 12

Explain formation of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 12

layers of sediment result in rock, which is weaker.

Question 13

Explain formation of metamorphic rocks.

Answer 13

heat changes sedimentary and igneous rocks, rock is metamorphosed, crystals develop.

Question 14

What are the different plants in dunes?

Answer 14

Xerophytes are dry plants and halophytes grow in salty conditions.

Question 15

What is corrosion?

Answer 15

when chemical reactions break down substances.

Question 16

Describe the formation of a wave cut platform.

Answer 16

Sea hits a certain position creating a fault, this results in retreat and a wave cut notch, eventually the cliff overhead breaks.

Question 17

Explain the formation of stacks, stumps caves etc.

Answer 17

Caves, arch, stack, stump.

Question 18

What are spits, tombolo’s, bars and cuspate forelands?

Answer 18

sediment is carried by wind, sediment connects to other land, sediment connects to island, 2 spits form which join creating land.

Question 19

What is a sediment cell?

Answer 19

source where material is found comes via rivers, transfer is where material is moved and sink is where material is deposited.

Question 20

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 20

when chemical composition of rock changes results in rock breakdown. i.e carbon dioxide mixes with rain creating carbonic acid.

Question 21

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer 21

rock breakdown without change in chemical composition.

Question 22

What is biological weathering?

Answer 22

rock breakdown by biological beings

Question 23

What are slides, slumps and rockfalls?

Answer 23

material falls in straight line, at an angle and material separates.

Question 24

What is isostatic change?

Answer 24

when land is uplifted as ice is weighing down on land this results in sea level fall and fossil cliffs.

Question 25

What is eustatic change?

Answer 25

When ice melts and increase sea volume resulting in sea level rise.

Question 26

What is tectonic change?

Answer 26

when land changes i.e rises due to tectonic plate movement.

Question 27

What is an emergent coastline and what does it create?

Answer 27

Fall in sea level coasts, results in fossil cliffs and raised beaches.

Question 28

What is a submergent coastline and what does it create?

Answer 28

Rise in sea level, results in fjords, rias and Dalmatians

Question 29

What is the problem with hard engineering?

Answer 29

can damage sediment cell, this can ruin entire beaches

Question 30

What are subaerial processes?

Answer 30

In land, air processes.

Question 31

What is dredging?

Answer 31

Removal of sediment for construction results in retreat.

Question 32

What are weather systems linked to?

Answer 32

pressure

Question 33

What are tides linked to?

Answer 33

Gravitational pull by the moon.

Question 34

How does wind and seasons affect erosion?

Answer 34

Wind moves sediment and seasons depend on energy and tides.

Question 35

What is occurring in Maldives?

Answer 35

Removal of mangroves means there is more coastal retreat as there is a lack of trees.

Question 36

What is occurring in Bangladesh?

Answer 36

Storm surges affecting bay of bengal, people are building shelters and moving others out of the area also Bangladesh is low lying.

Question 37

What are revetments?

Answer 37

Walls that stop erosion, are cheaper but can make it difficult for people to move around beach.

Question 38

What are groynes?

Answer 38

fences that are situated inground and stop erosion.

Question 39

What are rip raps?

Answer 39

Boulders placed at the front of the beach, are cheap but can cause danger to people.

Question 40

What are offshore breakwaters?

Answer 40

line of rocks that create gentler waves however can disrupt waves.

Question 41

What are sea walls?

Answer 41

walls of concrete that reflect waves back.

Question 42

What is cliff regrading?

Answer 42

Restructuring cliff, so that it doesn't collapse.

Question 43

What is dune stabilisation?

Answer 43

using dunes to protect biological beings

Question 44

What is beach nourishment?

Answer 44

depositing sediment from one area to another, this is very expensive.

Question 45

What is ICZM?

Answer 45

Holistic coastal management. views all aspects i.e social, economic etc before building a defence.

Question 46

What is considered in ICZM?

Answer 46

residents buildings economy natural environment.

Question 47

What are advantages of this scheme?

Answer 47

Conserves area, makes everyone happy, reduces unwanted resources.

Question 48

What is shoreline management?

Answer 48

- strategic realignment= physical processes work naturally - Advance the line= building of protection - no active intervention= no involvement on protection - hold the existing defences= making sure that the existing defences are working and maintained.

Question 49

What is a cost benefit analysis?

Answer 49

to see if something is worth installing.

Question 50

What is the environmental impact assessment?

Answer 50

if something damages the environment.