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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

what is the littoral zone

A

the littoral zone is the sub zones of the beach/coast

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2
Q

name the littoral zones

A

foreshore , backshore , offshore and nearshore

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3
Q

what state is the littoral zone in

A

dynamic equilibrium

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4
Q

what is both a key input AND output of the littoral system

A

sediment

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5
Q

name the inputs into the littoral system

A

sediment , wind , the action of waves and currents

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6
Q

what are the two type of energy coastlines

A

high energy and low energy

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7
Q

what type of wave would be at a high energy coastline

A

destructive waves

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8
Q

what is unique about high energy coastlines

A

long fetches & high rates of erosion

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9
Q

what erosional landforms form at high energy coastlines

A

wave cut platforms , caves , arches , stacks and stumps and cliffs

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10
Q

what type of wave occurs at a low energy coastline

A

constructive waves

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11
Q

what is unique about low energy coastlines

A

shorter fetches & higher rates of deposition

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12
Q

what landforms form at low energy coastlines

A

spits and bars , tombolas , salt marshes ,sand dunes & beaches

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13
Q

what is the formation of a concordant coastline

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coastline

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14
Q

what is the formation of a discordant coastline

A

alternating hard and soft rock run 90 degrees to the coastline

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15
Q

which coastline are erosional landforms more likely to be found

A

discordant

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16
Q

what is an example of a discordant coastline

A

dorset coastline

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17
Q

what are the two rock types at dorests coastline

A

portland limestone and greensands

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18
Q

what are concordant coasts also known as

A

pacific coastlines

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19
Q

what do pacific coastlines led to the formation of

A

dalmatian coastlines

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20
Q

what is a dalmation coastline

A

a coastline made up of offshore islands and coastal inlets running parallel to the coast

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21
Q

name an example of a dalmation coast

A

lulworth cove

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22
Q

what are discordant coastlines also known as

A

atlantic coastlines

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23
Q

what landforms often form at discordant coastlines

A

headlands and bays

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24
Q

what’s an example of an area of headlands and bays

A

swanage bay

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25
Q

what is a dip

A

the angle the rock layer forms with the horizontal bedding plane

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25
Q

how is faulting and folding formed

A

through the deformation and stress from tectonic processes

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26
Q

which way can dips form

A

towards the sea or towards the land

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26
Q

if a dip is towards the sea what type of cliff profile will it have

A

gentle

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27
Q

if a dip is towards land what type of cliff profile will it have

A

steep

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28
Q

what is the angle of the dip known as

A

the joint

29
Q

why would a rock with more joints and faults be more susceptible to erosion

A

as they have more weak spots that can be broken down and eroded away through erosion or weathering

30
Q

what is bedrock lithology

A

the discussion of the different properties of a rock

31
Q

what are the three types of rocks

A

sedimentary , igneous and metamorphic

32
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

through the layers of sand and material compacting overtime through lithification

33
Q

how are igneous rocks formed

A

through the crystallization of magma

34
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

through the change in structure of sedimentary and igneous rocks

35
Q

what is the process called when rocks become metamorphic rocks

A

metamorphosed

36
Q

name two types of sedimentary rock

A

limestone and sandstone

37
Q

name two types of igneous rock

A

basalt and granite

38
Q

name two types of metamorphic rock

A

slate and marble

39
Q

which two rock types are more resistant to erosion

A

igneous and metamorphic

40
Q

what is the erosion rate of igneous rock each year

A

0.1 - 0.5 cm a year

41
Q

what is the erosion rate of sedimentary rock each year

A

2 - 6 cm

42
Q

where does the sand dune transect go from

A

the mobile dunes (embryo and yellow dunes) to the fixed dunes (gray and dune slack)

43
Q

how many types of plants are within sand dunes

A

two

44
Q

what are the two types of vegetation within sand dunes called

A

xerophytes and halophytes

45
Q

what are the properties of xerophytes

A

can withstand periods of dry weather

46
Q

what are the properties of halophytes

A

plants that can withstand high levels of salt concentration from seawater

47
Q

at a high energy coastline _____ outweighs _____

A

erosion outweighs deposition

48
Q

at a low energy coastline _______ outweighs ______

A

deposition outweighs erosion

49
Q

shape and form of coastal landscapes

A

coastal morphology

50
Q

vertical cracks , fractures caused by contraction as sediment drys out

A

joints

51
Q

horizontal cracks or natural breaks in the strata caused by gaps in time periods of sediment formations

A

bedding planes

52
Q

the layers within rocks

A

strata

53
Q

different characteristics of rock

A

lithology

54
Q

the angle at which the rock strata lies

A

dip

55
Q

these are formed when the stress or pressure to rock is subjected to the coast

A

faults

56
Q

name the outputs of the coastal system

A

depositional landforms , erosional landforms and different types of coasts

57
Q

name the inputs of the coastal system

A

-people (human activity and coastal management)
-land (rock type , structure, tectonic activity)
-marine (waves , tides , storm surges) -atmosphere (weather, climate and climate change , solar energy)

58
Q

name the processes of the coastal system

A

weathering , mass movement , deposition , transport and erosion

59
Q

how are waves mostly formed

A

by wind blowing over water

60
Q

if the wind is at a greater speed what will the wave be like

A

larger

61
Q

what does wind create

A

fictional drag which produces movement in the upper surface of the water

62
Q

what is a swell wave and how is it formed?

A

swell waves are waves formed in the middle of the ocean by storms over the open ocean

63
Q

what is the fetch

A

the distance a wave travels

64
Q

the distance between two different waves crests

A

wavelength

65
Q

the highest point of the wave

A

the crest

66
Q

the lowest point of the wave

A

trough

67
Q

the distance between a waves trough and crest

A

waveheight

68
Q

what are the two orbits in the wave cycle

A

circular orbit and elliptical orbit

69
Q

when would a wave have a circular orbit?

A

when it is first forming

70
Q

when would a wave have an eliptical orbit

A

when it is about to hit the beach

71
Q

when the water from a wave retreats back into the sea

A

backwash

72
Q

when the wave washes up on the shoreline

A

swash

Geography (14 decks)

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