Coasts

Question 1

what is the littoral zone

Answer 1

the littoral zone is the sub zones of the beach/coast

Question 2

name the littoral zones

Answer 2

foreshore , backshore , offshore and nearshore

Question 3

what state is the littoral zone in

Answer 3

dynamic equilibrium

Question 4

what is both a key input AND output of the littoral system

Answer 4

sediment

Question 5

name the inputs into the littoral system

Answer 5

sediment , wind , the action of waves and currents

Question 6

what are the two type of energy coastlines

Answer 6

high energy and low energy

Question 7

what type of wave would be at a high energy coastline

Answer 7

destructive waves

Question 8

what is unique about high energy coastlines

Answer 8

long fetches & high rates of erosion

Question 9

what erosional landforms form at high energy coastlines

Answer 9

wave cut platforms , caves , arches , stacks and stumps and cliffs

Question 10

what type of wave occurs at a low energy coastline

Answer 10

constructive waves

Question 11

what is unique about low energy coastlines

Answer 11

shorter fetches & higher rates of deposition

Question 12

what landforms form at low energy coastlines

Answer 12

spits and bars , tombolas , salt marshes ,sand dunes & beaches

Question 13

what is the formation of a concordant coastline

Answer 13

alternating bands of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coastline

Question 14

what is the formation of a discordant coastline

Answer 14

alternating hard and soft rock run 90 degrees to the coastline

Question 15

which coastline are erosional landforms more likely to be found

Answer 15

discordant

Question 16

what is an example of a discordant coastline

Answer 16

dorset coastline

Question 17

what are the two rock types at dorests coastline

Answer 17

portland limestone and greensands

Question 18

what are concordant coasts also known as

Answer 18

pacific coastlines

Question 19

what do pacific coastlines led to the formation of

Answer 19

dalmatian coastlines

Question 20

what is a dalmation coastline

Answer 20

a coastline made up of offshore islands and coastal inlets running parallel to the coast

Question 21

name an example of a dalmation coast

Answer 21

lulworth cove

Question 22

what are discordant coastlines also known as

Answer 22

atlantic coastlines

Question 23

what landforms often form at discordant coastlines

Answer 23

headlands and bays

Question 24

what’s an example of an area of headlands and bays

Answer 24

swanage bay

Question 25

what is a dip

Answer 25

the angle the rock layer forms with the horizontal bedding plane

Question 25

how is faulting and folding formed

Answer 25

through the deformation and stress from tectonic processes

Question 26

which way can dips form

Answer 26

towards the sea or towards the land

Question 26

if a dip is towards the sea what type of cliff profile will it have

Answer 26

gentle

Question 27

if a dip is towards land what type of cliff profile will it have

Answer 27

steep

Question 28

what is the angle of the dip known as

Answer 28

the joint

Question 29

why would a rock with more joints and faults be more susceptible to erosion

Answer 29

as they have more weak spots that can be broken down and eroded away through erosion or weathering

Question 30

what is bedrock lithology

Answer 30

the discussion of the different properties of a rock

Question 31

what are the three types of rocks

Answer 31

sedimentary , igneous and metamorphic

Question 32

how are sedimentary rocks formed

Answer 32

through the layers of sand and material compacting overtime through lithification

Question 33

how are igneous rocks formed

Answer 33

through the crystallization of magma

Question 34

how are metamorphic rocks formed

Answer 34

through the change in structure of sedimentary and igneous rocks

Question 35

what is the process called when rocks become metamorphic rocks

Answer 35

metamorphosed

Question 36

name two types of sedimentary rock

Answer 36

limestone and sandstone

Question 37

name two types of igneous rock

Answer 37

basalt and granite

Question 38

name two types of metamorphic rock

Answer 38

slate and marble

Question 39

which two rock types are more resistant to erosion

Answer 39

igneous and metamorphic

Question 40

what is the erosion rate of igneous rock each year

Answer 40

0.1 - 0.5 cm a year

Question 41

what is the erosion rate of sedimentary rock each year

Answer 41

2 - 6 cm

Question 42

where does the sand dune transect go from

Answer 42

the mobile dunes (embryo and yellow dunes) to the fixed dunes (gray and dune slack)

Question 43

how many types of plants are within sand dunes

Answer 43

two

Question 44

what are the two types of vegetation within sand dunes called

Answer 44

xerophytes and halophytes

Question 45

what are the properties of xerophytes

Answer 45

can withstand periods of dry weather

Question 46

what are the properties of halophytes

Answer 46

plants that can withstand high levels of salt concentration from seawater

Question 47

at a high energy coastline _____ outweighs _____

Answer 47

erosion outweighs deposition

Question 48

at a low energy coastline _______ outweighs ______

Answer 48

deposition outweighs erosion

Question 49

shape and form of coastal landscapes

Answer 49

coastal morphology

Question 50

vertical cracks , fractures caused by contraction as sediment drys out

Answer 50

joints

Question 51

horizontal cracks or natural breaks in the strata caused by gaps in time periods of sediment formations

Answer 51

bedding planes

Question 52

the layers within rocks

Answer 52

strata

Question 53

different characteristics of rock

Answer 53

lithology

Question 54

the angle at which the rock strata lies

Answer 54

dip

Question 55

these are formed when the stress or pressure to rock is subjected to the coast

Answer 55

faults

Question 56

name the outputs of the coastal system

Answer 56

depositional landforms , erosional landforms and different types of coasts

Question 57

name the inputs of the coastal system

Answer 57

-people (human activity and coastal management) -land (rock type , structure, tectonic activity) -marine (waves , tides , storm surges) -atmosphere (weather, climate and climate change , solar energy)

Question 58

name the processes of the coastal system

Answer 58

weathering , mass movement , deposition , transport and erosion

Question 59

how are waves mostly formed

Answer 59

by wind blowing over water

Question 60

if the wind is at a greater speed what will the wave be like

Answer 60

larger

Question 61

what does wind create

Answer 61

fictional drag which produces movement in the upper surface of the water

Question 62

what is a swell wave and how is it formed?

Answer 62

swell waves are waves formed in the middle of the ocean by storms over the open ocean

Question 63

what is the fetch

Answer 63

the distance a wave travels

Question 64

the distance between two different waves crests

Answer 64

wavelength

Question 65

the highest point of the wave

Answer 65

the crest

Question 66

the lowest point of the wave

Answer 66

trough

Question 67

the distance between a waves trough and crest

Answer 67

waveheight

Question 68

what are the two orbits in the wave cycle

Answer 68

circular orbit and elliptical orbit

Question 69

when would a wave have a circular orbit?

Answer 69

when it is first forming

Question 70

when would a wave have an eliptical orbit

Answer 70

when it is about to hit the beach

Question 71

when the water from a wave retreats back into the sea

Answer 71

backwash

Question 72

when the wave washes up on the shoreline

Answer 72

swash