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COASTS Flashcards

1
Q

Erosion

A

Displacement of solids.
Usually by wind, water or ice.
Happens because of gravity or by living organisms

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2
Q

Weathering

A

Process of weakening and breaking up rocks. Physical and chemical breakdown of rocks and materials at or near the earths surface

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3
Q

Different types of weathering

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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4
Q

Mass movement

A

Downhill movement of westered material under the force of gravity
Speed can vary
Slumps, slides, mudflows

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5
Q

Wave quarrying

A

When high energy waves hit thee cliff face
They have the energy to remove chunks of the cliff.
Occurs due to intense force

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6
Q

Cavitation

A

Similar to hydraulic action
Wave smash into a crevice.
It compresses air bubbles that fizz.
Makes the cliff recede.
Creates a mini explosion

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7
Q

Sub-aerial processes

A

The processes of weathering and mass movement

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Involves the break-up of ricks within any chemical changes taking place

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9
Q

Types of mechanical weathering

A
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10
Q

Littoral zone

A

Coastal zone
Sediments are moved. Around between land, beach and sea

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11
Q

Backshore

A

The beach, not reached by the sea in normal conditions

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12
Q

Foreshore

A

Smash zone

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13
Q

Offshore

A

At sea
Some distance from the shore

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14
Q

Concordance coastline

A

Layers of rock are parallel to the direction of the coastline

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15
Q

Disconcordant coastline

A

Layers of rock perpendicular to the coastline
Creating headlands and bays

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16
Q

Dalmatian coast

A

Submergent landscape
Ridges and valleys running parallel to the coast

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17
Q

Folding

A

Bending of rock layers due to stress in the earths crust

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18
Q

Igneous rock

A

Rock that forms from the cooling if molten rock at or below the surface

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19
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rock formed from sediments, plant or animal remains
Experiencing high heat or pressure

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20
Q

Un consolidated

A

Loose
Incoherent

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21
Q

Strata

A

Layers of rock

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22
Q

Permeable

A

Water can pass thru

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23
Q

Impermeable

A

Water cannot pass thru

24
Q

Constructive waves

A

Low wave that deposits material
Swash stronger than backwash

25
Destructive wave
Found on steep beaches Backwash stronger than swash
26
Hydraulic action
Large destructive wave breaks on the cliff Force of water creates pressure in cracks in the cliff and produces an explosive force Breaking material away from the cliff
27
Corrosion
Acidic sea water reacts with minerals in the cliff face and weakens it
28
Abrasion
The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice or wind
29
Attrition
Wearing down over time
30
Wave cut notch
A notch in a coastal cliff cut out by wave erosion
31
Wave cut platform
Wide, gently sloping rocky surface at the foot of a cliff, produced by cliff recession
32
LSD
Movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle
33
Barrier beach
Forms when storm waves pile up large amounts of sand above sea level forming a long narrow island parallel to the coast
34
Tombolo
Ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island
35
Sediment cell
Stretch of coastline Associated nearshore area within which the movement of coarse sediment, sand and shingle is largely self-contained
36
Source
Where the sediment within a cell is supplied from
37
Transfer
Move from one place to another
38
Positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output
39
Negative feedback
Type of regulation that responses to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change Maintains a steady state.
40
Recession
Backwards movement of coastline
41
Emergent coast
Stretch of coast that has been exposed due to changes in sea level
42
Rias
Drowned river valleys
43
Dredging
Clearing the bed of an area of water by scooping out beach material and moving elsewhere
44
Coastal management
Strategies used to defend coastal environments Divided into 3 approaches: hard, soft engineering and managed Retreat
45
Sub areial processes
Weathering and mass movement
46
Hard engineering
Building artificial structures such as as sea walls aimed at controlling natural processes Invasive method to prevent coastal flooding and erosion
47
Groynes
Wooden or concrete barriers at right angles to the beach
48
rip rap Aka rick armour
Large rocks at food of sea walls or cliffs made to absorb waves Cheap and have a long lifespan
49
Soft engineering
Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems More sustainable method
50
Beach nourishment
Large quantities of sand are added to the beach system to offset losses caused by wave erosion
51
Cliff regrading and drainage
Creating a stable rock slope on a cliff to enhance stability Provides drains to prevent upper rock layers becoming saturated with water and subject to mass movement
52
Dune stabilisation
Planting more grass and leaving driftwood to allow more sand to be deposited from the wind
53
Hold the line
Employing coastal defence strategies to maintain the coastline in its current position
54
Advance the line
Coastal management strategy which involves pushing the coastline further towards the sea
55
56
Flamborough chalk cliffs
Sedimentary sock Holderness coast More resistant to erosion Have vertical cracks Cracks are regularly formed in more resistant rock that forms headlands
57
Coastal recession at Holderness coast
Fastest rate of erosion in Europe Social: unprotected villages near the cliffs

GEOGRAPHY (13 decks)

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