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HAZARDS Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of geological hazards

A

Geophysical- land
Atmospheric- wind
Hydrological- water

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2
Q

Perception

A

How people have different viewpoints of how dangerous hazards are and the risk they pose.
Dependant on lifestyle factors.
E.g a wealthy person worries less as they have to money to solve the damage

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3
Q

Fatalism

A

The viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events
Losses should be accepted as there is nothing we can do about it.

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4
Q

Prediction

A

Using scientific research and paste events, to know when a hazard might take place.
So that warnings can be delivered and the impacts can be reduced.

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

Attempting to live with the hazard
Adjusting lifestyle choices
So that vulnerability of the hazard is reduced

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6
Q

Mitigation

A

Strategies that help to reduce the severity of the hazard

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7
Q

Management

A

Strategies to reduce the hazards effects

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8
Q

Risk sharing

A

Community preparedness: share risks and invest collectively.

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9
Q

Park model

A

Graphical representation of steps carried out in HAZARD RECOVERY
Rough time frame
Good for comparing hazards

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10
Q

Stages of the park model 1,2,3

A

1- relief. (Hours and days). Immediate local response: medical age, search and rescue
2- rehabilitation. services begin to be restored. Food and water. Temporary shelters.
3- reconstruction. Restoring the area

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11
Q

Hazard management cycle

A

Outlines the stages of responding to events, showing the same stages take place after every hazard

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12
Q

4 stages of the hazard management cycle

A

Preparedness.
Response
Recovery
Mitigation

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13
Q

Inner core

A

Solid ball of iron or nickel
Very hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
Responsible for earths internal energy

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14
Q

Outer core

A

Semi- molten
Iron/ nickel

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15
Q

Mantle

A

Main,y solid
Rocks high in silicone
Top of many,e is the asthenosphere

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16
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Semi molten
Moves due to convection currents
Lithosphere above

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17
Q

Lithosphere

A

Broken up into plates
Top is the crust

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18
Q

Crust

A

Thin top of the lithosphere
Oceanic crust is dense and is destroyed by plate movement
Continental crust is less dense and is NOT destroyed

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19
Q

Destructive plate boundaries direction

A

Towards

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20
Q

Conservative movement

A

Along side

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21
Q

Constructive movement

A

Away from eachother

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22
Q

Landforms made by destructive plate margin

A

Volacnoes
Fold mountains
Earthquakes
Island arcs
Ocean trenches

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23
Q

Landforms made by conservative

A

Eq

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24
Q

Landforms made by constructive

A

Volcanoes
Eq
Ocean ridges
Rift valley

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25
Destructive (continental and oceanic)
Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental Leave a deep ocean trench
26
Destructive (oceanic and oceanic)
Heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench Built up pressure causes and underwater volacnoes Lava cools and causes island arcs
27
Destructive (continental and continental)
Both plates not as dense Oceanic is subducted slightly Fold mountains form
28
Ridge push
Gravity pushes plates further away Widens gap Known as gravitational sliding
29
Slab pull
When a plate subducts Plate sinks into the mantle and pulls the rest of the plate
30
Hotspots
Areas of volcanic activity Not related to plate boundaries Hot magma plumes burn though weaker parts of the crust Creates volcanoes and islands Hawaii
31
Hazards caused by volcanoes
Lava flows Lahars Floods Tephra Toxic gases Acids Pyroclastic flows
32
Primary effects of a volcano
Environ- ecosystems damaged. Wildlife killed Economic- businesses and industries destroyed Social- people killed. Homes destroyed Political- government buildings destroyed
33
Secondary effects of a volcano
Environ- acid rain. Greenhouse effect Economic- jobs lost. Profit from tourism Social- fires can start. Mudflows or floods. Trauma. Homelessness. Political- conflicts about government response
34
Shockwaves
Energy released from sudden jolt that vibrates through the ground
35
Tsunamis
Caused when water is displaced by plates moving underwater. Creating a large wave
36
Liquefaction
When soil is saturated, the vibrations cause it to act like liquid Soil becomes weaker and more likely to move. Causes landslides and avalanches
37
Primary effects of a seismic hazard
Environ- cause fault lines. Destroy the environment. Liquefaction Economic- businesses destroyed. Social- buildings collapse. Traps people Political- government buildings destroyed
38
Secondary effects of seismic hazards
Environ- saltwater flood freshwater ecosystems. Radioactive materials. Economic- money declines as businesses are destroyed. High cost of rebuilding. Social- gas pipes rupture. Disease spreads. Political- borrowing money
39
Tropical storm
Air is heated up from 27* water or more Air rises and condenses and forms clouds This releases energy Moisture is blown out, causing torrential rain Air spins due to the Coriolis Effect and spirals round the eye. Cold and denser air sinks in the eye- making it clear and dry.
40
Hazards caused by tropical storms
High winds Flooding Landslides Storm surges
41
Condition for a TS to form
At least 27*c At least 50m deep Unstable air pressure
42
What is the magnitude for a TS measured on
Saffir- Simpson scale Based on 1-5
43
Regularity of TS
Irregular Paths do not follow a set route
44
Predictability of a TS
Form away from land Satellite tracking General route can be calculated
45
Primary effects of a TS
Environ- beaches eroded, sand displaced, coastal habitats destroyed Economic- businesses destroyed. Agricultural land damaged Social- drowning, debris can injure or kill people Political- government buildings destroyed
46
Secondary effects of a TS
Environ- river flooding, animals displaced, Economic- high cost of rebuilding, loss of income- sources Social- homelessness, polluted water supplies spread diseases, food shortages Political- issues with international aid, pressure from government about global warming.
47
Prevention of a TS
Cannot be avoided
48
Preparedness
Education Evacuation plans Storm warning systems
49
Mitigation
Search and rescue Strengthening home Clearing loose debris
50
Adaptation
Move away from risk area Design better buildings Flood defences
51
Wildfire
An uncontrollable fire that quickly spreads though vegetation
52
Favourable vegetation type of a wildfire
Thick, close together vegetation Trees and thick bushes Vegetation with flammable oils- eucalyptus Dry
53
Human causes of wildfires
Arson, bbqs, lit cigarettes, agriculture, train lines
54
Natural causes of WF
Spontaneous combustion Volcaneos Lightning
55
Primary effects of wildfires
Environ- air pollution, water pollution, toxic gases Economic- businesses destroyed, agricultural land damaged Social- people killed, homes destroyed, people gone missing Political- government buildings destroyed
56
Secondary effects of WFs
Environ- migration patterns of animals, seed germination Economic- high cost of rebuilding, lost income sources, planes cancelled Social- homelessness, food shortages, health problems, ptsd Political- borrowing international aid money, pressure from government about global warming.
57
Prevention of WFs
Not be avoided Awareness about human controlled fires
58
Preparedness
Public awareness Evacuation plans Satellite images Red flag warning
59
Mitigation
Search and rescue Removing flammable material- leaves Spraying water
60
Adaptation
Move away from risk area Fire breaks to stop the spread Reducing carbon footprint Insurance to cover damage
61
Ocean ridge
Plates move apart Underwater volacnoes can erupt and build up to reach surface to form islands
62
Rift valley
Rising magma that causes the crust to bulge and fracture. Causes faults Land between the fault drops down to form a rift valley Great African rift
63
Fold mountains
When sediments fold upwards Himalayas
64
How often do low magnitude seismic hazards occur
Frequently Can be 100s of small ones a day
65
What are TS measured on
Safari-Simpson scale
66
What is the frequency of TSs
100 per year
67
How do they predict and track TS
Using satellite imagery and models
68
What conditions are needed for a wildfire
Vegetation Fuel Climate and weather Fuel Natural Human
69
When did BS happen
Feb 2009
70
What are the effects of BS
173 deaths 3500 properties destroyed 7000 people displaced 1 million animals killed Properties were looted
71
What is a high incidence hazard
Every month Frequent
72
What is a low incidence hazard
Every century Infrequent
73
Factors of a low incidence hazard
Harder to predict Less management strategies Hazard could be more catastrophic when it does occur More intense
74
How can a country having a low level of development affect when a hazard is proposed?
Less likely to have effective mitigation strategies as they are costly. More catastrophic as less prevention in place.
75
The park model
Graphical representation of human responses to hazards Shows steps carried out in the recovery afater a hazard. Gives a rough time frame indication. Steepness of curve: shows how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers. Depth of curve: shows the scale of the disaster. Lower curve- lower quality of life.
76
3 stages of the park model
Stage 1- relief (hours/ days) Stage 2- rehabilitation (days- weeks) Stage 3- reconstruction (weeks-years)
77
How is the park model useful
Control line to compare hazards
78
Hazard management cycle
Outlines stages of responding to events, showing how the same stage takes place after every hazard.
79
Hazard management what are the 4 stages in the cycle
Preparedness Response Recovery Mitigation
80
Evaluating the effectiveness of models
- cannot predict the human responses to hazards. - does it include factors such as climate change?
81
Asthenosphere
Semi-molten layer Constantly moving due to convection currents Movements powered by heat from the core Lithosphere is above
82
Lithosphere
Broken up into plates Majority is with the mantle Top is the crust
83
Oceanic crust
Dense and is destroyed by plate moment.
84
Continental crust
Less sense
85
Hotspots
Areas of volcanic activity that are not related to plate boundaries Hot magma plumes from the mantle rise and burn through weaker parts of the crust Can create volacnoes and islands- Hawaii. Causes a chain o9f islands as the plates move
86
Lava flows
Lava flows quickly or slowly depending on its viscosity Silica makes lava viscous and slow, which is common in explosive eruptions
87
Lahars
Mudflows Cased by ice melting at high latitudes
88
Tephra
Any type of rock that is ejected by volcanoes
89
Toxic gases
Released during some eruptions Co2 even a toxic gas.
90
Acid rain
Caused when gases- sulphur dioxide are released into the atmosphere
91
Nuees ardentes
Pyroclastic flow Clouds of hot burning ash and gas that run down the side of a volcano at high speeds 60-430mph
92
Tsunami
Oceanic crust is jolted during an earthquake All water above the plate is displaced
93
Liquefaction
Soil is saturated Vibrations of an earthquake caused it to act a liquid Soil becomes weaker- causing it to subside E.g Christchurch in New Zealand
94
What does the Safari-Simpson scale measure
Intensity of tropical cyclones Scale of 1-5 Based on wind speed and. Thus power of the storm
95
Storm surges
Large rise in sea levels caused by low pressure and high winds Pushing water towards the coast
96

GEOGRAPHY (13 decks)

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