coasts

Question 1

arch

Answer 1

a large cave that has gone all the way through the cliff.

Question 2

abrasion

Answer 2

when rocks hit the cliff causing it to erode.

Question 3

attrition

Answer 3

when rocks hit each other, grinding each other down making it into smaller, rounder rocks.

Question 4

backwash

Answer 4

when the waves are pulled away from the sea bed. This comes from destructive waves and the stronger it is the more of the seabed is eroded and sediment is carried away.

Question 5

bay

Answer 5

a semicircle hollowed out from a cliff. It is the result of abrasion and hydraulic action. There can often be a beach formed by attrition.

Question 6

corrosion/solution

Answer 6

the process of chemical erosion

Question 7

erosion

Answer 7

the wearing away of materials. Erosion can occur by hydraulic action, abrasion. attrition and corrosion/solution

Question 8

headland

Answer 8

a coastal landform that juts out into the sea and causes

Question 8

estuary

Answer 8

a partially enclosed body of water where freshwater from a river meets saltwater from the sea.

Question 9

headland

Answer 9

a costal landform that juts out into the sea.

Question 10

hydraulic action

Answer 10

the sheer force of water against the cliff

Question 11

longshore drift

Answer 11

the movement of sediment along the coast caused by waves. It goes with the prevailing wind.

Question 12

saltation

Answer 12

when rocks are bounced along the sea bed.

Question 13

solution

Answer 13

when load is dissolved in the seawater

Question 14

swash

Answer 14

when waves are pushed towards the coast. This is at the angle of the prevailing wind. It is mainly caused by constructive waves and leads to deposition of load.

Question 15

spit

Answer 15

a narrow coastal landform that is connected to the cliff at one end. It is formed by longshore drift.

Question 16

suspension

Answer 16

when pebbles are carried by the waves.

Question 16

weathering

Answer 16

the breaking down of materials in situ. Can be caused by physical, biological or chemical.

Question 17

traction

Answer 17

when boulders are rolled along the sea bed.

Question 18

physical weathering

Answer 18

when rocks are broken down by waves, rain, wind and cold in situ.

Question 18

biological weathering

Answer 18

when animals and plants break down rocks in situ

Question 19

chemical weathering

Answer 19

when acids bread down rocks in situ. Such as acid rain.

Question 20

destructive wave

Answer 20

they have a weak swash and strong backwash and a re high energy. They displace more sediment than they deposit and create sloping beaches.

Question 21

constructive waves

Answer 21

they are low energy and have a stronger swash than backwash. They deposit more sediment than they displace.

Question 22

tombolo

Answer 22

a spit that reaches out to an island making something not similar to a peninsula.

Question 23

bar

Answer 23

when a spit goes across a bay creating a closed area of shallow water called a lagoon.

Question 24

lagoon

Answer 24

a bay that has been cut off from the ocean by a bar.

Question 24

hard engineering

Answer 24

when artificial structures are used to prevent coastal erosion

Question 25

soft engineering

Answer 25

when the natural environment is used to prevent coastal erosion.

Question 26

cave

Answer 26

a large crack in the rock leading.

Question 27

stack

Answer 27

when the top of an arch is weathered and falls down, what is left is a stump.

Question 28

stump

Answer 28

when a stack is further weathered to be very short.

Question 29

beach nourishment

Answer 29

Large amounts of sand are added to beaches to build them up and help absorb wave energy. Protects tourism & the coast, is easy to carry out and fairly cheap. But it does not last very long as sand will continue to be transported along the coast by longshore drift

Question 30

managed retreat

Answer 30

This allows the natural erosional processes of the sea to occur, areas of low value land are allowed to flood hopefully protecting more important areas further down the coast.

Question 31

cliff stabilisation

Answer 31

Cliffs are covered in matting and vegetation planted to help make them more stable and resistant to erosion.

Question 32

managed retreat

Answer 32

doing nothing. takes money away from tourism. Doesn't let beaches look as good.

Question 33

gabions

Answer 33

Cages of wire filled with rocks to absorb the waves energy, they are effective and cheap but environmentally ugly.

Question 34

sea wall

Answer 34

Placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the waves energy. Very expensive approximately £10,000 per km, ugly but extremely effective at protecting areas from flooding.

Question 35

groynes

Answer 35

Wood or rock long vertical structures placed at right angles to the beach to trap sediment. Build up the beach and protects the cliffs from erosion but can result in areas further down the coast being starved of beach material resulting in more erosion! Only last 25-30 years.

Question 36

rock armour/rip rap

Answer 36

Large rocks placed at the bottom of the cliff to absorb wave energy, they are effective at dispersing the waves energy and cheap but are ugly.