Coasts

Question 1

Fetch

Answer 1

Distance of open water which the wind can travel and transfer its energy to the surface of the water

Question 2

Swash

Answer 2

As the water breaks from the wave and moves up the beach

Question 3

Backwash

Answer 3

The drawing back of water down the beach due to gravity

Question 4

Erosion

Answer 4

The wearing away and removal of rock

Question 5

Types of erosion (5)

Answer 5

Hydraulic pressure
Wave pounding
Corrosion
Corrasion/ abrasion
Attrition

Question 6

Hydraulic pressure

Answer 6

When air is trapped and compressed in a crack or gap in a cliff/ rock by a breaking wave

Question 7

Wave pounding

Answer 7

The breaking of waves hits the foot of cliffs generating shock waves up to 30 tonnes

Question 8

Corrasion/ abrasion

Answer 8

He wearing away of the cliff by sand and boulders hurled at them by the waves

Question 9

Attrition

Answer 9

Rocks and boulders eroded from the cliff are broken down and rounded

Question 10

Corrosion

Answer 10

The dissolving of rock by seawater that’s causes the rock to disintegrate

Question 11

Weathering

Answer 11

Where rock is broken down in situ by natural processes

Question 12

Types of weathering (3)

Answer 12

Physical
Chemical
Biological

Question 13

Mass movement

Answer 13

When material moves down a slope due to the pull of gravity

Question 14

Types of mass movement (2)

Answer 14

Soil creep

Slumping

Question 15

Types of waves (2)

Answer 15

Destructive

Constructive

Question 16

What are destructive waves (5)

Answer 16

Big strong waves
Created by powerful wind, storms (long fetch)
Erodes the coast 
Stronger backwash that swash
High/ steep height, short wave length

Question 17

What are constructive waves (5)

Answer 17

Not powerful waves
Created by calm weather
Builds up beaches
Stronger swash than backwash
Low height, long wavelength

Question 18

Types of physical weathering (2)

Answer 18

Exfoliation

Freeze-thaw

Question 19

What is exfoliation

Answer 19

A type of physical weathering

Rock structure is weakened by the heating and cooling of rock on the surface which then falls off

Question 20

What is freeze-thaw

Answer 20

A type of physical weathering

Rock structure is weakened by water freezing and expanding and then melting in cracks of rock

Question 21

What is chemical weathering

Answer 21

Acid rain either causes a chemical reaction or dissolves the structure to make the rock soluble so it is more easily broken down

Question 22

Three types of biological weathering

Answer 22

Burrowing creatures break down structure of rock

Acids from bird/ animal excrement can chemically weather rock

Plants/ tree roots can break apart rock

Question 23

What affects the rate of coastal erosion (5)

Answer 23

Type of wave
Geology
Fetch
Weather/ season
Rate of weathering

Question 24

Erosion of a headland process

Answer 24

All due to wave pounding, hydraulic pressure and corrasion

Cave
Arch —> gets taller, top gets thinner, collapses
Stack
Stump

Question 25

Formation of sea cliffs (4)

Answer 25

Waves erode at wave attack zone creating a wave cut notch Overhang is unstable/ unsupported Creates a wave cut platform and rock pools Cliff retreats

Question 26

How does the sea transport material?

Answer 26

Long shore drift

Question 27

What is long shore drift

Answer 27

The movement of material up the beach due to the angle of the waves Direction of waves/ swash is due to the direction of prevailing winds Backwash us directly downwards due to gravity

Question 28

What is a spit + example

Answer 28

Beach material that has extended past the mainland Spurn Point, Holderness Coast

Question 29

How are spits formed (3 steps)

Answer 29

Coastline has changed direction but direction of long shore drift stays the same Material continues moving in the direction of longshore drift Spit curves fur to secondary wind

Question 30

What is a bar

Answer 30

When material is deposited and connected to another headland due to the direction of long shore drift and change in direction of the coastline

Question 31

What is a tombolo

Answer 31

When the deposition is extended to an island due to direction of longshore drift and change in direction of the coastline

Question 32

How are sand dunes formed (5)

Answer 32

Long stretch of sand generates constructive waves which deposit sand and pebbles Onshore wind blows dried sand inland Obstacles such as pebbles and small plants are covered by the sand Sand is eroded from windward side and deposited on leeward side of dunes Dunes move inland

Question 33

Uses of sand dunes (5)

Answer 33

``` Leisure Tourism Education Off road driving Conservation ```

Question 34

Case study of a place that attempts to restore sand dunes

Answer 34

Tynemouth Longsands

Question 35

Case study for a place that manages coastal erosion

Answer 35

Holderness Coast Mappleton-Rock armour for Easington- Rock armour, large artificial platform

Question 36

Why save mappleton from coastal erosion (4)

Answer 36

Tourist destination Main road to coastline Businesses Houses

Question 37

Why save Easington from coastal erosion (1)

Answer 37

Gas pipes from North Sea bring 25% national gas

Question 38

Positives from saving Mappleton and Easington from coastal erosion (5)

Answer 38

``` Businesses are secure Residents have secure homes Employment at gas terminal People get gas Still tourism on beach ```

Question 39

Negatives from saving Mappleton and Easington from coastal erosion

Answer 39

More erosion in areas without defence such as small farms and villages Spurnhead is starved from beach material

Question 40

Types of mass movement

Answer 40

Soil creep | Slumping

Question 41

What is soil creep

Answer 41

Very slow movement due to gravity pulling on water stored In Soil

Question 42

What is slumping

Answer 42

Larger scale faster mass movement. Dry clays contract and crack so water fills these gaps and get absorbed Becomes weak and unstable so slip down the cliff due to gravity