Population Flashcards
What is natural change?
Difference between birth and death rates
Birth rate - number of babies born per thousand per year
Death rate - number of deaths per thousand per year
What is fertility rate?
The AVERAGE number of babies a woman is expected to have in a given country
What is infant mortality rate? (IMR)
The number of infant DEATHS per thousand OF BABIES per year
Why do populations change over time?
4 reasons
Migration
Natural change
Fertility rate
Infant mortality rate
Equation for natural change
Overall population change = birth rate - death rate + net migration / 10
Factors affecting birth rates
8 reasons
Employment structure (children on farms)
Contraception
Religion (opposing contraception)
Status of women
Population policies (pro/ anti)
Marriage (choice and age of marriage)
Career aspirations (delay marriage)
No family planning
Factors affecting death rates
5 reasons
Population structure (elderly => high death rate)
Disease
Hygiene (access to clean water, sewage systems)
Climate (bad for crops, predators, insects with disease)
Medical care
CASE STUDY:
place with a rapidly growing population
Why so much population
Positives and negatives
Niger
North west of Africa
Caused by high fertility and birth rates and lowering death rates
Fertility rate: 7.1 births per woman
+ more people to help on farms
More people to look after elderly
- pressure on resources
Lots o’ competition for land to grow crops –> soil degradation
CASE STUDY:
Place where there are diseases
What diseases
Why so much disease
Problems
Swaziland
HIV + AIDS
Life expectancy: 50 years
HIV: 1 in 4 adults (31% women, 20% men)
Doctor:Patient 2:10,000
Religion - opposes contraception (need to be
faithful)
- low status of women (polygomy)
- men are unfaithful and spreading
disease
- limited education (witchcraft)
Everyone dies - high birth rates (39% under 14)
- kids have no parents or ill
parents to look after
- no income so they starve and
die from disease
Population policies:
Pro and anti definitions
Pro - a policy which encourages births
Anti - a policy which opposes/ discourages births
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is an anti-natal policy
How did this happen
How does it work
Pros cons
China (duhhhhhhhh)
One child policy
Introduced in 1979
Started with pro-natal got a bit out of hand (mass famine, unemployment, everyone dies etc.)
Incentives - first born gets free healthcare,
education, social status, state
job
Enforced - pay back what they claim from first
baby if they get second baby
- human rights violations (forced
abortions, sterilisations
+ reduced overpopulation problem
Less pressure on resources
Less danger of epidemics spreading
Reduced to 1.5 births per woman in 2011
- culturally insensitive
Female children abandoned
Gender imbalance
Ageing population
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is overpopulation
Problems
Nigeria
Takes 3% of Africa’s land but 15% Africa’s population
29% of under 5s underweight
Low standard of living
–> no food water education healthcare
Signs of overpopulation:
- not enough housing
- high crime rates (unemployment)
- pressure on healthcare/ education
- congested roads
- lack of food and water
- water/ air pollution
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is underpopulation
Problems
Methods to solve problem
Australia
Large area, few people
Lots of desert so no one wants to live there
Problems caused by migrants
- water shortages
- lots of languages
- open spaces are crowded
Solving underpopulation
- relax visa rules
- jobs available –> expands economy
- give benefits to children –> increase birth rates
Overpopulation definition
Too many people in relation to the RESOURCES AVAILABLE which result in a DECREASE in STANDARD OF LIVING
Underpopulation definition
When resources are UNDER-UTILISED and standards of living could improve by having more people
Optimum population definition
MAXIMUM STANDARD OF LIVING have been attained, there is a balance between population and resources
Why is the demographic transition model (DTM) useful?
Can use it to predict stages of socio-economic development of countries and plan ahead
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is population decline
Why
Solutions?
Russia
Fertility rate: 1.1 per woman
Over 1 million have HIV + TB
High death rates
- -> lots of alcoholism, heart disease, HIV, TB
- -> low life expectancy
Low birth rates
–> Russian women prefer career to children
More emigration than immigration
Solution: monthly child support payments double
Dependency ratio equation
= %of under 15 + %of over 65
_____________________________x100
% 15 - 64
Why is the dependency ratio not accurate in MEDCs
Only allowed to work at 17
Still work at 67
Why is the dependency ratio for LEDCs not accurate
Under 15s work
Elderly don’t retire
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is a youthful population
Why is it very youthful
Problems caused by youthful
Solving youthful problems
The Gambia
Birth rate: 40 per 1000 per year
Infant mortality rate: 43 per 1000 per year
Dependency ratio: 100:92.3 dependent
High birth rate
- low status of women (polygomy)
- religion opposes contraception
- more children are expected to die
- -> high IMR (low sanitation + healthcare)
Problems
- families can’t support so many children
- pressure on resources
- more trees cut down for fuel wood
- bad for economy
Solutions
- decrease price of contraception
- awareness of contraception
- improve sanitation and healthcare
CASE STUDY:
Place where there is an ageing population
Positives
Negatives
Solutions
UK, East Devon
+ good for local businesses
Unpaid voluntary work
Greypound have disposable income to donate
- pressure on healthcare/ care homes/ pensions/ carers/ doctors/ transport
–> economically active are taxed more
Changes in housing costs money
Skill shortages
No youthful people
Increase tax for pensions
Healthy diets
Increase tax for house developments
