Coasts- 6 marker Qs

Question 1

state and explain two reasons why some coastal areas need to be protected from the effects of natural processes

Answer 1

weak rock type- soft incoherent rock like chalk /limestoneare more vulnerable to hydraulic action and will erode at a faster rate so require protection like defence infrastructure
presence of economically valued land on the coastline like agriculture or large number of residents which would otherwise be swept away by the natural processes without protection

Question 2

show how hard engineering methods can protect coastlines from natural processes

Answer 2

gabion cages are filled with small rocks which absorb wave’s energy, making the waves less powerful and stopping them from directly hitting the cliff
groynes are wooden or concrete structures designed to absorb wave energy and break them to slow down longshore drift. they maintain beach width to protect cliff base.

Question 3

suggest how two natural processes are shaping (this) coastline

Answer 3

waves break against the base of the cliff eroding them by hydraulic action leading to undercutting and collapse
the bay has forced between two headlands the waves have diffracted and so retract towards each headland. they spread outwards and energy is stretched. attrition helps erode the bay along with hydraulic action against the discordant rock(limestone) that makes up the bay.

Question 4

show how two methods of soft engineering can protect coastlines from natural processes

Answer 4

beach replenishment is pumping sand or shingle onto the beach to replace eroded material so the beach becomes a better natural defence against erosion. more energy is dissipated so the waves have a smaller impact on the cliffs and coastline.

Question 5

show how two methods of soft engineering can protect coastlines from natural processes

Answer 5

beach replenishment is pumping sand or shingle onto the beach to replace eroded material so the beach becomes a better natural defence against erosion. more energy is dissipated so the waves have a smaller impact on the cliffs and coastline.
replanting vegetation - stabilise low-lying areas e.g marram grass. the presence of roots in the soil provides integration and anchorage to reduce the risk of land-slides.

Question 6

outline two effects of sea-level change on the development of coastal landforms

Answer 6

submergece sea level rise- rias- portsmouth, southhampton (S coast of england) occurs when an area of land previously above sea level becomes permanently flooded.
emergence-sea level fall
raised beaches=stonehaven
an elevated area of sloping ground sitting above the present tide line- previously at sea level.

Question 7

outline two ways in which waves transport sediment

Answer 7

saltation- bouncing
traction-rolling
solution-dissolved
suspension-suspended

Question 8

explain two ways in which coastal areas are managed to resolve possible conflicts

Answer 8

planning policies
land use zoning
limiting activities to different time of the day

Question 9

suggest how two human activities (shown) may lead to a need for coastal protection

Answer 9

road and caravan site

Question 10

outline two conflicts that can arise between different human activities in coastal areas

Answer 10

wind farms conflict with residents because of noise pollution
agriculture - nitrates spread on fields- lead to eutrophication in marine

Question 11

outline two conflicts that can arise between different human activities in coastal areas

Answer 11

wind farms conflict with residents because of noise pollution
agriculture - nitrates spread on fields- lead to eutrophication in marine evironment conflicting with conservationists

Question 12

suggest and explain two factors influencing variation of mean erosion rates across a coastline

Answer 12

physical factors such as variations in wave energy (length of fetch, wave height, wind speed) resistance of rock type.

Question 13

suggest how two sub-aerial processes typical of coastal environments

Answer 13

weathering- e.g freeze thaw- temperature change causes cracks in rock
mass movement like rock falls, landslides

Question 14

suggest why deposition has taken place

Answer 14

constructive/low energy waves dominant swash>backwash, loss of river velocity in estuary
decrease in wind velocity at back of beach role of groins in trapping sediment.

Question 15

give two reasons why economic development coastal areas needs management

Answer 15

potential conflicts between different land uses
views and opinions o locals
protection from flooding
high economic value of land

Question 16

show of weathering processes influence the formation of coastal landforms

Answer 16

biological weathering- animals and plants plant roots can grow down through cracks in rock surfaces and push them parts loosening fragments. decaying plant and animal remains make acids which eat away at rock below.

Question 17

show of weathering processes influence the formation of coastal landforms

Answer 17

biological weathering- animals and plants plant roots can grow down through cracks in rock surfaces and push them parts loosening fragments. decaying plant and animal remains make acids which eat away at rock below.
physical weathering- freeze-thaw thermal expansion and contraction of a tock during changes in temperature creates pressure, causing the rock to disintegrate.