Coasts

Question 1

How are salt marshes formed?

Answer 1

Formed in low energy environments where there’s shelter
Pioneer species allow further mud accretion -> establishment stage
Height continues to increase -> stabilisation stage
Climax vegetation (sedge)

Question 2

Examples of mechanical weathering?

Answer 2

Freeze thaw weather of
Water into crack and freezes which puts pressure on rock so crack widens and this repeats
Fragments break away

Wetting and drying clay rock expands when wet and contrast as dry which cracks them and breaks them up

Question 3

Examples of chemical weathering?

Answer 3

Oxidation

Addition of oxygen to minerals makes iron oxides which increases volume contributing to breakdown

Question 4

What are faults?
Joints?
Dip?
Folding?

Answer 4

Rock fractures
Vertical weaknesses
Angle of rock strata
Anticline ~~ or syncline \

Question 5

What are the 4 processes of erosion?

Answer 5

Hydraulic action

Abrasion: sediment against cliff

Attrition: sediment in waves collide and break to smaller pieces

Corrosion/solution: particles dissolve

Question 6

Why is Bangladesh vulnerable to impacts of storm surges?

Answer 6

46% pop….
Incoming strong surge meets out flowing river discharge so combines
Mangroves
Triangular shaped concentrates cyclone up it

Question 7

What are storm surges?

Answer 7

Sea level rise suddenly due to strong winds and intense low pressure systems

Question 8

Coastal flooding due to storm surge

Answer 8

Bangladesh cyclone Sidr
6m
Barguna as one embankment lowered
Deaths roads electricity communication contamination by debris

North Sea Xaver 6m
Flooding Boston etc 
Scotland's rail network collapsed 
Homes flooded and businesses 
Forecast warnings and evacuation reduced scale

Question 9

How can coast he managed sustainable and holistically

Answer 9

Wider zone
Adapt as ins stilts
Alternate livelihoods

Question 10

Problems with sustainable coastal management

Answer 10

Relocation

Some will always occur and can’t protect against everything

Question 11

Soft engineering methods

Answer 11

Cliff regrading 
Cliff drainage 
Dune stabilisation
Managed retreat 
Beach nourishment

Question 12

What are the complex judgements policy decisions made on

Answer 12

Economic value assets
Social
Is it achievable
Environmental

Question 13

Tohoku

Answer 13

Pacific under North American 
20,000 deaths 
Fukushima nuclear power plant leaked 
Early warning system 
Stopped high speed trains 
100,000 soldiers sent to search and rescue 
Evacuated

Question 14

The Philippines

Answer 14

Ring of fire many eqs and v

Also typhoons landslides which buried village