To Learn

Question 1

What were Wegener’s 5 lines of evidence for continental drift?

Answer 1

Jigsaw fit
Geological fit
Tectonic fit 
Glacial evidence 
Fossil evidence

Question 2

What is biological evidence?

Answer 2

Same fossils appear on close different continents

Mesosaurus only found in South Africa and South East America

Question 3

What 2 types of hotspots are there?

Answer 3

Hawaiian type: Magma plume exists and magma breaks through thin crust for a shield volcano
Yellowstone type: Magma plume creates a magma chamber inside crust which is thicker and the crust gets thinner and eventually breaks for a super volcano

Question 4

What boundaries result from convergent action?

Answer 4

Destructive: Volcano, e/q, tsunami/Eg The Andes - Nazca plate subducted under South American and marked by a trench

Collision zone: E/q, landslide, fold mountains/ Eg Himilayas India - Indian and Eurasian plate

Question 5

Explain the significance of the Benioff zone in relation to the hypocentre

Answer 5

Determines magnitude, position and depth of hypocentre

Deeper the Benioff zone, deeper hypocentre so seismic waves have longer distance to epicentre so less violent

Question 6

Primary hazards caused by volcanoes

Answer 6

Lava flows
Pyroclastic flows (hot ash,lava and gases)
Ash and tephra fall (volcanic bombs)
Gases

Question 7

Secondary hazards caused by volcanoes

Answer 7

Lahar: Mud flow of volcanic material
Eg Nevado del Ruiz covered village Armero

Jokulhlaups: Flood transporting rocks gravel and ice blocks and by melting glaciers eg Eyjafjallajokull

Question 8

Characteristics of a tsunami

Answer 8

Long wave length
Low amplitude
Fast velocity
(When near shore)

Question 9

What is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 9

R = H X V
——-
C

Risk increases as event becomes more common, people more vulnerable and cope capacity decrease
Risk can be reduced by reducing these elements

Question 10

What are shield volcanoes?

Answer 10

Gently sloping
Wide and flat
Frequent but gentle eruptions
Constructive (ie Iceland)

Question 11

What are strato/composite volcanoes?

Answer 11

Deep sided 
Pyroclastic flows 
Explosive 
Destructive 
The Andes

Question 12

What do hazard profiles take in?

Answer 12

Magnitude 
Speed of onset (how much warning)
Duration 
Areal extent (area affected)
Spatial predictability (how easy predict where occur)
Frequency

Question 13

Why are some people living in hazardous areas?

Answer 13

Lack of alternative
Cost benefit
Unpredictable (not expecting)
Dynamic hazard (not constant threat so stay)
Russian roulette attitude (acceptance of risk)
Culture and religion

Question 14

How do complex interactions affect the governance?

Answer 14

Because they’re things you can’t plan for

Bam, Iran 2003: 5am, cold January (hypothermia) and building structures

Question 15

To achieve effective governance you need..

Answer 15

Economic: decides how much money spent
Political: Decides where money goes
Administrative: Makes sure it goes to right place/is implemented

Question 16

How does poverty affect governance?

Answer 16

Hazard
Poverty
Increased vulnerability to hazards as can't PPP
Next hazard 
Cycle continues and place stays poor
Struggle for governance

Question 17

What is thermal imaging?

Answer 17

Detects heat off ground

Accurate but expensive

Question 18

What is observation?

Answer 18

Observes change in amount of steam, rock fall amount etc through cameras
Looks at physical changes

Question 19

How can we predict earthquakes?

Answer 19

Fault modelling
Radon gas leaks
Observing animal behaviour
Changes to groundwater

Question 20

How does animal behaviour work?

Answer 20

Animals migrate
Dogs howl
Won’t go out