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Geography > Coasts Case Studies > Flashcards

Coasts Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What defences are at Hornsea?

A

Sea walls, groynes and rock armour

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2
Q

What are the impacts of the defences at Hornsea?

A

Groynes trap the sediment and maintain the beach at Hornsea. Mappleton has been starved of sediment and waves has rapidly eroded the cliff. This is called terminal groyne syndrome

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3
Q

What defences are at Withernsea?

A

A curved wall replaced the old sea wall in the 1990s following a cost-benefit analysis

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4
Q

What are the impacts of the defences at Withernsea?

A

Waves are noiser when they break against the wall and the promenade is smaller.

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5
Q

What defences are at Mappleton?

A

Two rock groynes which aim to prevent the removal of the beach by long shore drift. Rock armour is also used

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6
Q

Impact of the defences at Mappleton?

A

At Cowden, which is 3km south of Mappleton, sediment starvation caused increase cliff erosion.

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7
Q

Why is the Holderness receding?

A

Geology
Fetch
Longshore drift and beach material

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8
Q

What is the geology at the Holderness?

A

Mostly consists of boulder clay- which is structurally weak, little resistance to erosion and produces shallow, sloping cliffs that are 5-20m high.
Surrounded by chalk band that creates the headland e.g. Flambrough head

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9
Q

What is the fetch at the Holderness Coast?

A
  • Winds and waves from the north-east with small fetch of 500-800km
  • Currents (or swell) circulate around the UK from the Atlantic Ocean (large fetch of over 5000km) into the North Sea- adds energy to the North Sea waves- powerful destructive waves
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10
Q

Longshore drift and beach material at the Holderness Coast?

A
  • Boulder clay erodes to produce many clay particles, which are transported out to sea.
  • Narrow beaches offer little friction to absorb wave energy.
  • Tides flow southwards, transporting sand by Longshore drift, leaving cliffs at Holderness poorly protected against erosion.
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11
Q

What is the annual rate of recession at the Holderness?

A

2 metres a year

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12
Q

Where is the Holderness located to?

A

East Riding of Yorkshire

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13
Q

Why is Hornsea protected?

A
  • It is a regional economic centre with a population of about 8500 people
  • There are important historical sites in the town
  • Inland is Hornsea Mere, an important lake habitat for birds that is designated as a Special Protection Area and Site of Special Scientific Importance (SSSI).
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14
Q

What is the Nile Delta?

A

A depositional landform formed from sediment brought down the Nile by floods.

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15
Q

What is the Dam called on the Nile and when was it constructed?

A

Aswan High Dam, and in the 1960s

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16
Q

What has the dam on the Nile caused?

A
  • River discharge to drop from 35 billion m^3 per year to around 10 billion m^3.
  • Sediment volume has feel from 130 million tonnes to 15 million tonnes.
17
Q

What were the changes of the dam on the Nile caused by?

A
  • Water withdrawals for industry, cities and farming from the reservoir behind the dam.
  • Sediment being trapped by the reservoir and dam; water in reservoir flows very slowly allowing sediment to be deposited
18
Q

What are the impacts of the dam on the Nile?

A
  • Erosion rates at the Rosetta (where one of the main delta branches of the river meets the sea) jumped from 20-25m per year to over 200m per year as the delta was starved of sediment.
19
Q

What is the highest point above sea level in the Maldives?

A

2.3 m above sea level

20
Q

What would happen if there was a sea level rise of 50cm by 2100 in the Maldives.

A

The Maldives would loose 77% of their land

21
Q

What is the new artificial island in the Maldives called?

A

Hulhumalé

22
Q

What is the new island in the Maldives built from and how much did it cost?

A

Coral and sediment dredged from the seabed between 1997 and 2002
Cost US$32 million

23
Q

What is the advantage of the new artificial island in the Maldives?

A

It is a full metre higher than Malé, which may come in useful in decades to come

24
Q

What year did the Netherlands have a storm surge in?

A

1953

25
Q

What was the cause of the Netherlands storm surge (The North Sea Flood)?

A

Mid-latitude depression moving south through the North Sea generating a 5m storm surge

26
Q

What were the economic costs of the Netherlands storm surge?

A
  • Close to 10% of Dutch farmland was flooded
  • 40,000 bus idling so damaged and 10,000 destroyed
27
Q

What were the social costs of the Netherlands storm surge?

A

1800 deaths

28
Q

What year was there winter storms in the UK?

A

2013-14

29
Q

What was the cause of the UK winter storms ?

A

Coastal and other flooding caused by a succession of depressions and their storm surges

30
Q

What were the economic costs of the UK winter storms ?

A

Damage or around £1 billion over the course of the winter

31
Q

What were the social costs of the UK winter storms?

A

17 deaths (from all causes)

32
Q

What caused the storm surge in Bangladesh? And when did it happen?

A

The Cyclone Sidr brought it with it.
On 15th November 2007

33
Q

Why is Bangladesh vulnerable to coastal flooding?

A
  • The most densely populated country in the world- estimated population of 169 million in 2015
  • 46% of the population lives less than 10 metres above sea level
  • Deforestation of coastal mangrove forests has removed vegetation that once stabilised coastal swaps and dissipated wave energy during tropical cyclones.
34
Q

What was the max wind speed of Cyclone Sidr and what was the storm surge height in metres?

A

223km/h and 4.5-6.0 m

35
Q

What were the economic impacts of the cyclone Sidr?

A
  • The high winds and floods damaged housing, roads, bridges and other infrastructure
  • Electricity supplies and communications were knocked our, and roads and waterways became impassable.
    Total costs to Bangladesh estimated to be US$1.7 billion
36
Q

What are the social costs of cyclone Sidr?

A
  • Drinking water was contaminated by debris, and many freshwater sources (such as wells) were inundated with salt water.
  • The sanitation infrastructure was destroyed raising the risk of disease.
  • Over 4000 people died and over 55,000 people were injured

Geography (16 decks)

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