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Geography > Health, Human Rights and Intervention > Flashcards

Health, Human Rights and Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

How is GPD per capita calculated?

A

By dividing the value of all goods and services produced by the population

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2
Q

What are the strengths of GPD per capita?

A
  • Most widely used indictor
  • Easily measured
  • Effectively highlights the increasing development gap
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3
Q

What are the weaknesses of GPD per capita?

A
  • Measured in US$- doesn’t account for cost of living
  • Average, it does not give an indication of levels of inequality
  • Not everything of value can be measured
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4
Q

What does the Gini coefficient show?

A

Shows how unequal a country is.

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5
Q

How is Gini coefficient scored?

A

Scored between 0 and 1, where 0= everyone has the same income (perfect equality) and 1= one person has all the income (greatest inequality).

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6
Q

What does the Happy Planet Index (HPI) measure?

A

Measures happiness and sustainable human well-being

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7
Q

What measurements doe the Happy Planet Index use?

A

Life expectancy, experinced well-being and ecological footprint

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8
Q

How is the Happy Planet Index scored?

A

Scored well-being between 0 and 100 (0= low, 100= high)

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9
Q

What did Rosling argue that future gaols should be to improve?

A
  • Enviornmental quality, e.g. air and water quality
  • The health and life expectancy of the poorest
  • Human rights e.g. rights for women.
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10
Q

What is Sharia law?

A

The law of Islam. It is derived from the actions of the Prophet Muhammad and the words he expressed in the Qur’an. Aspects of Muslim’s lives are governed by Sharia.

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11
Q

Sharia law- What do Muslim’s believe the welfare of humans is based on?

A

The fulfilment of:
Necessities- 5 things that are worldly and religious life depend on. The 5 necessities are the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage and wealth.
Needs and comfort: Things that people seek in order to ensure life is good and avoid hardship, even though they are not essential.

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12
Q

What are two measurements for health?

A
  • The number of doctors per 100,000 people
  • The percentage of the population with regular access to essential drugs
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13
Q

How can quality and accesability to healthcare cause spatial varaitions of health in the developed world?

A

A big difference here is between:
- Countries with national health services that are ‘free’, being funded by the form of taxation.
- Countries where healthcare is largely in the private sector and paid for either through social health insurance or on an ‘as and when’ basis.

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14
Q

What explains the positive correlation between life expectancy and per capita income?

A

Explained by the fact that with diminishing income, the following critical necessities of life become less guaranteed:
- Food
- Safe water
- Proper sanitation
- Healthcare
A shortfall in any of these necessities immediatley increases the risk of disease, ill health and premature death.

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15
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A

Emotional factors
Genetic factors
Sedentary lifestyle
Over-eating
Medicines
Smoking/ alcoholism
Insomnia

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16
Q

What are the effects of obesity?

A

High blood pressure
Diabetes
Cancer
Heart disease
Infertility
Sleep apnea

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17
Q

What factors cause life expectancy to vary within countries?

A
  • Ethnicity
  • Poverty and deprivation
  • Lifestyle and socio-economic group
  • Healthcare
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18
Q

What does France’s government choose to spend their money on?

A
  • Has one of the highest levels of government spending- 54% of GDP
  • The majority of healthcare is state-funded
  • It has high welfare and pension payments
  • It has high education spending- £8500 per student per year (2015)
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19
Q

What does Saudi Arabia’s government choose to spend their money on?

A
  • Is ruled by an elite royal family.
  • The healthcare system is high quality and 80% state funded
  • Welfare and pension spending varies.
  • Education standards are low, so skilled managerial jobs are taken by overseas employees.
  • There are high levels of youth unemployement and poverty
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20
Q

When was the World Bank founded?

A

1944

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21
Q

How many membered countries of the World Bank?

A

189

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22
Q

What is the World Bank’s aim?

A

To finance loans for development

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23
Q

What are examples of World Bank programmes?

A
  • Global Partnership for Education, 2002
  • Develops early reading and numeracy skills
  • Focuses on disadvantaged children (girls, ethnic minorities, disabled)
  • Invested over US$35 billion in education programmes
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24
Q

What is a critism of the World Bank?

A

Previously financed projects with costly repayments and poor environmental consquences

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25
Q

When was the IMF founded?

A

1948

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26
Q

What is the IMF’s aim?

A

To strengthen weak currencies and promote economic development

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27
Q

What are example of IMF programmes?

A
  • Poverty Reduction Programme, 2000
  • Helps countries create their own development plans
  • Countries recieve aid, loans and debt relief in return
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28
Q

What is a critism of the IMF?

A

Previous policies led to reduced spending on healthcare and education

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29
Q

When was the WTO founded?

A

1995

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30
Q

What is the aim of the WTO?

A

To encourage trade as a way of promoting economic development.

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31
Q

What are examples of WTO programmes?

A
  • They restrict the trade of endangered products
  • They challenge trade that may have a negative enviornmental impact, such as forest clearance
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32
Q

What is a critism of the WTO?

A

Previous policies encouraged countries to damage the enviornment

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33
Q

Why were inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) previously critised?

A

Previously adopted neo-liberal programmes.
- These intervened with the policies of individual governments, with the aim of improving economic growth so wealth could trickle down to the poorest people.
- Countries were forced to promote free trade, privatise government services and assets, and remove barrier to private investment.
- This had the effect of cutting education and healthcare programmes

34
Q

When were the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) introduced and by who?

A

in 2000 by the UN

35
Q

What are the 8 MDGs?

A

Goal 1: Eradicate poverty
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensue environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

36
Q

MDGs: What was the poverty rate (% of population) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 1)

A

1990- 47%
2015- 14%

37
Q

MDGs: What was the primary school enrolment rate (% of children) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 2)

A

1990- 75%
2015- 91%

38
Q

MDGs: What was the women (% of paid workers outside of agriculture) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 3)

A

1990- 35%
2015- 41%

39
Q

MDGs: Amounts of deaths of children under 5 (millions) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 4)

A

1990- 12.7 million
2015- 6 million

40
Q

MDGs: What was the maternal mortality (deaths per 100,000 live births) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 5)

A

1990- 380 per 100,000 live births
2015- 210 per 100,000 live births

41
Q

MDGs: What was the amount of antiretroviral therapy treatment (millions) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 6)

A

1990- 0
2015- 13.6 million

42
Q

MDGs: What was the amount of piped drinking water (billions) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 7)

A

1990- 2.3 billion
2015- 4.2 billion

43
Q

MDGs: What was the global internet penetration (% of population) in 1990 compared to 2015? (indicator of progress for goal 8)

A

1990- less than 1%
2015- 43%

44
Q

What does the UN 2015 report on the MDGs demonstrate?

A

Demostrates considerable progress worldwide on all of the 8 targets, however also draws attention to the fact that progress has been uneven across regions and countries.

45
Q

What does the UN 2015 report on the MDGs say?

A

‘Millions are being left behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged because of their sex, age, disability, ethnicity or geographical location. Targeted efforts will be needed to reach the most vunerable people.’

46
Q

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A

17 goals, to end poverty, fight inequality injustice, and tackle climate chnage by 2030.

47
Q

How are the SDGs different from the MDGs?

A

They go much further than the MDGs. They address the root causes of poverty and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people.

48
Q

What does UDHR stand for?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

49
Q

What is the UDHR?

A

Sets out 30 universal human rights. They are wide ranging from freedom of speech and movement to education and justice. They are vital strands in what is widely recognised as constituting human development.

50
Q

Is the UDHR a treaty?

A

No it is a declaration and not a treaty- it is therefore not legally binding as there are no signatures.

51
Q

When was the UDHR created?

A

1948

52
Q

What is the Geneva Convention?

A

A series of 4 treaties applied at the times of armed conflict to protect people not taking part in the conflict (including prisoners of war).

53
Q

When were the 4 Geneva Convections?

A

The first treaty was signed by 16 European countries and some American states in 1864. This followed by treaties in 1906,1929 and 1949. The 1949 Geneva Conventions has been ratified by 196 countries, but not all have agreed to the 3 subsequent protocols.

54
Q

What does the ECHR stand for?

A

The European Convection of Human Rights (ECHR)

55
Q

When did the ECHR come into force?

A

1953

56
Q

What was the ECHR a reponse to?

A

Response to;
1. The serious violations of human rights that occured in Europe in WW2.
2. The post war spread of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the threat of communist subversion

57
Q

What is the ECHR?

A

A convention, like the UDHR, comprises a number of articles, each setting out a specific human right/

58
Q

Whta happens if someone violates the ECHR?

A

Come before the European Court of Human rights

59
Q

What is economic development versus human rights?

A

Some countries are advocates for human rights and promote genie protection in international forums (e.g. the USA). However others prioritise economic development over human rights e.g. Singapore

60
Q

What is political corruption?

A
  • Allowing private interests to dictate government policy
  • Taking decisions that benefit those who are funding the politicians
  • Diverting foreign aid and scarce resources into the private pockets of politicians
61
Q

Why is gender equality an issue?

A

Although gender equality is often enshrined in law and government policy, it can vary within a country because of cultural and attitudinal differences between groups e.g. minority ethnic, immigration groups or age strata within society.

62
Q

What issues are there in the UK for gender equality?

A

Despite legalisation, more needs to be done to ensure equal pay. Median average full-time gross weekly earning in 2014, for men was £460.50 and for women it was £444.40.

63
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for internal conflict and division after independence (for previously colonised countries)

A
  • Colonial governments largely excluded indigenous people from their administration. When independence came, most countries inherited their political instituations directly from the colonial state, which often led to ineffective goverance.
  • Lack of governance meant opportunist insurgent groups were able to vie for political control. Much violence was ensued.
64
Q

Relationship between human rights and healthcare & education?

A

There is abroad correlation between human rights and access to health care and education. Indeed, the UDHR has decreed such access to one of the most basic human rights.

65
Q

What are trade embargos?

A

A ban that restricts all trade, or trade of certain items (e.g. military supplies), within a certain country.
It encourages a country to change its actions.

66
Q

How do trade embargos work?

A

It encourages a country to change its actions.

67
Q

What are trade embargos in response to?

A

Often in reponse to threats of international security or human rights violations .

68
Q

What is military aid?

A

This consists of money, weapons, or expertise given to developing countries to help them protect borders and fight terrorism or given to rebel groups fighting authoritarian governments.

69
Q

How much military aid can be given?

A

Since 2016, countries can include it in their 0.7% ODA (official developmental assistance) target.

70
Q

What is the worry with military aid?

A

Charities worry less money is being spent on poverty

71
Q

What are the two types of military action?

A

Direct action- e.g. air strikes and ground troops. In 2003, the USA and UK took direct action agaisnt the government of Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
Indirect action- e.g. providing military assistance. in 2017, the UK took indirect action by training Nigeran forces to improve security.

72
Q

When would military action occur?

A

As a last resort

73
Q

What is developmental aid?

A

Finical aid, sometimes called official developmental assistance (ODA), is given to developing countries.

74
Q

Where does most developmental aid come from?

A

The governments of developed countries, IGOs and NGOs.

75
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Aid goes directly from the donor county to the recipient country.

76
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

Aid is given by donor countries to international aid organisations such as the World Bank or Oxfam. These organisations then distrubute the aid to what they deem to be deserving causes.

77
Q

What is national sovereignty?

A

The idea that each nation has the right to govern without interference.

78
Q

What is the problem with the validty of interventions?

A

Sometimes decisions are supported, but there can be disagreement about whether intervention is justified. Disagreement occurs when:
- There are different views on the organisations or countries involves
- The intervention could be intervening country’s self-interest
- There is risk that intervention will make matters worse
- There is concern over a disagreed national sovereignty

79
Q

What is the mission of the Amnesty International?

A

Combines considerable international reputation with the voices of grassroots activists on the spot to ensure that the UDHR is fully implemented. It also provides education and training so that people are made aware of their rights.

80
Q

What is the mission of the Human Rights Watch?

A

Constantly on the lookout for violations of the UDHR. It is not frightened to name and shame non-compliant governments through media coverage and direct exchanges of policy makers.

81
Q

What are the positive impacts of development aid?

A
  • Helped to almost eradicate some diseases e.g. polio
  • Helped the fight against malaria- between 2000 and 2015 new infection rate fell by 37% new mortality rates fell by 60%
  • Gender equality moved up aid priority list. Over US$30 million in 2014 being targeted at gender equality programmes. Maternal mortality rates fallen by 44% since 1990. More girls attend school now, but not universal.
82
Q

Negatives impacts of development aid?

A
  • Much is lost to corruption
  • Can be used by political elites to ensure they remain in power, repress citizens and enrich themselves through corruption
  • Can become reliant on aid and unable to function without it.

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