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Coasts case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an example of a high energy coastline?

A

North Norfolk Coastline

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2
Q

What is an example of a low energy coastline?

A

Nile delta, Egypt

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3
Q

Two landscapes that are being managed (intended impacts)

A

Overstrand, Norfolk
Sea Palling, Norfolk

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4
Q

Two landscapes being used by people (unintentional impacts)

A

Bacton and Happisburgh, Norfolk
Great Yarmough, Norfolk

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5
Q

Name 3 different types of delta

A
  1. Cuspate
  2. Arcuate
  3. Bird’s foot
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6
Q

What are the 4 conditions which are required for delta’s to form?

A
  1. River discharge/energy meeting the sea - fluvial deposits
  2. Large sediment load from river (supply) + sediment budget
  3. Shallow shelf platform for accumulation - causes energy to drop
  4. Low tidal ranges
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7
Q

What are the tides for the Nile Delta to create a low energy environment

A

They are micro-tidal (0.5m)

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8
Q

What are the waves like at the Nile Delta to make it a low energy environment?

A

Low energy (0-2kw/m) with limited fetch

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9
Q

What are the winds like at the Nile Delta to make it a low energy environment?

A

Prevailing NW wind creates longshore drift west to east

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10
Q

What are the currents like at the Nile Delta to make it a low energy environment?

A

Gyres circulate in opposite direction to general water flow, reducing energy

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11
Q

What is the climate like at the Nile Delta to create a low energy enviroment?

A

Semi-arid (low precipitation, high temperatures) reduce rate of weathering

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12
Q

What are the channels within a delta called which split off from the main river?

A

Distributaries

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13
Q

What type of delta is the Nile Delta?

A

Arcuate (wind dominated)

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14
Q

What are the two promontories of the Nile Delta called?

A

Rosetta and Damietta

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15
Q

How much sediment flowed down the Nile River prior to damming in the 1960s-80s?

A

More than 120m tonnes per year

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16
Q

Why do parallel longshore bars form on the Nile Delta and give a named example of a lagoon which has formed as a result of this?

A

Longshore drift carries sand from west to east, across bays froming Burullus Lake

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17
Q

What is a delta?

A

Depositional landform found at the mouth of rivers - deposited by tidal currents and rivers

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18
Q

How does flocculation help the formation of the delta?

A

Flocculation is the clumping of clay as salt and fresh water mix - causes heavier sediment which then is deposited

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19
Q

What is the upper delta, lower delta and submerged delta zone?

A
  1. River sediement and above tidal areas
  2. Inter-tidal zone, river and marine
  3. Below sea level and mainly marine
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20
Q

Describe an arcuate delta’s coastline

A

Wave dominated - composed of promontories seperated by embayments and saddles

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21
Q

What are the Nile Delta’s other features?

4 - beach, lagoon, mudlat, chevey

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Beach forming continous coastal flat w/ dunes (from aeolian processes) and lagoons at distal end
  • Lagoons = Manzala, Burullus
  • Sabkha’s and playas lakes in the west - salt crusted mudflats
  • Levees may form due to varying water volume (sand bars at mout)
22
Q

How does the Nile Delta change in the winter and summer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Winter = increased wave energy prohibits seaward expandsion, desposition can occor as offshore bars
  • Summer = increase NW winds = increase LSD - creation of curved spits/onshore bars
23
Q

Why was the Aswan Dam built (1964) and what did it do to the sediment discharge in the Nile Delta?

Study These Flashcards
A

Built to control flow of Nile, to generate electricity and supply water to irrigation schemes (10,000km of canasl) = resuced dishcage and sediement energing the delta

24
Q

What did the low river velocities in canal do to the sediment to the Nile River? (after Aswan Dam was built)

Study These Flashcards
A

Deposition - entrapment of sediment and reduction in the sediment supply

25
What impact did the reduction of the Nile delta have?
Expenditure on coastla defences to protect the coast w/ socio-economic importance (Resort beaches)
26
Background and context for Overstrand
Small village around 3km east of Cromer, on the N.E. Norfolk coast. Just over 1,000 residents and is a popular tourist destination
27
What are 6 general reasons for protecting Overstrand?
1. Leisure and recreation activity Space e.g. golf courses 2. Residential areas 3. Beaches encourage tourism 4. Various hotels and guest houses 5. Tourism based industries e.g. campsites 6. Heritage historic buildings
28
How much is the property valued at in Overstrand (reasons for protection)?
£35m
29
Which road in Overstrand is liable to flooding (reasons for protection)?
B1159
30
How much would Overstrand water treatment cost to replace (reasons for protection)?
£1.6m
31
How many jobs are there in Overstrand that are related to tourism - seasonal and full time (reasons for protection)
6,000
32
How much does tourism earn per year in Overstrand (reasons for protection)?
£4million
33
What is the agricultural land value in Overstrand? (reasons for protection)
£6,000 per hectare
34
What are the cliffs (SSSIs) in Overstrand (reasons for protection)
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest
35
Why is Overstrand vulnerable - Geology?
- Cliffs are composed of poorly cemented and porous sandstones, laid over impermeable clay and then with a bedrock of chalk
36
Why does rotational slumping occur and Overstrand?
Rainwater flows through the sandstone and then accumulates on top of the clay later - lubricates the clay, causing rotational slumping
37
What is the wave energy average annually and highest during storm conditions at Overstrand? (overstrand vulnerablity energy)
6kw/m annually but can be as high as 80kw/m
38
What is the average wind speed for Overstrand and what is it like in winter? (overstrand vulnerability energy)
Average 30kph, 20% of winter winds exceed Beaufort Scale 7 (over 50kph)
39
What is the tidal range at Overstrand and what does this mean? (vulnerability, energy)
High - 4.2m Makes it a mesotidal environment - results in rapid tidal movements where large areas are exposed to both marine and subaerial processes
40
What happens if we do nothing at Overstrand?
Up to 200m of land lost by 2100
41
What is the current strategy at Overstrand but what is the Environment Agency's plans?
Hold the line - but will no longer maintain the current defences and move to Managed retreat once the defences fall
42
How much does the Environment Agency value Overstrand and what will the defences cost?
£7.7m - defenses will cost £8.8m
43
What does the survay conducted by the residents, value Overstrand at (contrast with Environment Agency)
£90m and will cost only £4.5m
44
# [](http://) What are the management methods for Overstrand? ## Footnote 6 - and what do they do
1. Sea wall - reduces sediment input (promotes beach starvation) 2. Revetments - protect cliff toe, build raised beach behind and flattens the beach below due to scouring as energy is redirected 3. Groynes - trap sediment, reduces wave energy; enlarges beach, creates irregular shape beach 4. Gabions - retaining wall protects slope 5. Sea wall - reduces sediment input from cliffs 6. Drainage - reduce weight of cliff materials and reduces slumping and collapse
45
How do sea walls, gabions and revetments inpact a range of processes and flows?
Reduce the impact of marine processes such as hydraulic action, pounding, and abrasion from the waves on the cliffs
46
How do groynes impact a range of porcesses and flows?
Reduce the flow of longshore drift eastwards, trapping sediment on the beach to build a buffer between the waves and the cliffs
47
How does cliff drainage impact processes and flows?
The accumulation of water is reduced - reduces the likelihood of rotational slumping
48
How much is the beach between Cromer and Overstrand growing and why?
28,000m3 per year - groynes trapping sediment
49
How much is the beach volume decreasing by at the beach east to Overstrand and why?
63,000m3 per year - the sediment is being trapped further up the beach (reducing protection of the cliffs)
50
How has the management strategies changed the shoreline of Overstrand?
Created a small promontory forming - Overstrand extends out into the sea more than the surrounding land which has been lost to erosion
51

Geography (9 decks)

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