Places Case studies Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What are the two contrasting place profiles at local scale?
A
Newnham and Romsey Wards
2
Q
What are two contrasting places to show social inequality?
A
Cambridge UK and Jalousie Haiti
3
Q
What is one region impacted by structural economic change?
A
Detroit, Michigan, USA
4
Q
What is one place that has undergone rebranding?
A
CB1 Redevelopment, Cambridge
5
Q
What is the locational context/background for Romsey?
A
Influenced by the building of railway station in 1845 - more industrial character/different employment structure to rest of Cambridge
6
Q
What is the locational contect for Newnham?
A
Influenced by the university (founded 1209) and the college of Newnham (1871)
7
Q
What is the demographic of Newnham and Romsey?
Romsey students, Newnham old
A
Romsey -9% students (younger median age than Newnham)
Newnham - 10% over 65 (becoming unaffordable to the young)
8
Q
What is the socio-economic profile of Romsey?
Think average house price and income
A
- In past industrial area with working-class residents
- Average house price =£430,000
- 14% low income
9
Q
What is the socio-economic profile of Newnham?
Think house price and income
A
- Middle/upper class
- Median property price = £1.1m
- 3% low income
10
Q
What is the cultural place profile of Romsey?
Think religion - how many people of that faith and key buildings
A
More culturally diverse
- Cambridge Eco Mosque (serves Cambridge’s 6,000 practising muslims)
- Area is 4% muslim
11
Q
What is the cultural place profile for Newnham?
Students
A
6% are students - may bring in some cultural diversity as well as new jobs in the technological center
12
Q
What is the political place profile for Romsey?
A
Labour - described as ‘red Romsey’
13
Q
What is the political place profile for Newnham?
A
Majoriy Green - 43% in 2024
14
Q
What are the built characteristics of Romsey?
A
- High density
- 53% Low rise Victorian terraced housing
15
Q
What are the built place profile for Newnham?
A
- Lower density
- 22% detached
16
Q
What are the natural characteristics of Romsey?
Think about laws put in place to protect land
A
Very litte green space - 1 park
1800s enclosure act - street pattern follows old field lines
17
Q
What are the natural characteristics of Newnham?
A
- Lammas Land turned into a public park in 1925
- Paradise natural reserve which has 2.2 hectares of wood and marshland
- Coe Fenn - left behind after enclosures in the 1800s because it is a floodplain and unsuitable for development
18
Q
What are the past connections of Romsey?
A
- Victorian street and pub names e.g. Cyprus Road, the Empress (relates to Queen Vic and empire)
- 1845 Railway - industrial character
19
Q
What are the past connections for Newnham?
A
- Influence of the university e.g. Fellows Act 1882, allowed fellows to move out of college, detached houses were built for fams in Newnham
- 1845 - signficant impact on built environment
20
Q
Present connections of Romsey?
A
Cambridge Eco Mosque opened 2019 - cost £23mill and recieved international funding (biggest donour was the Turkish government
21
Q
Present connections in Newnham?
A
Increasing investment from the tech sector - collating with the university e.g. West Cambridge site opened in 2002
22
Q
What are the flows of people in Romsey?
3 things
A
- Gentrification - communters and middle class
- University students (9%) - transient population
- Eco Mosque
23
Q
What are the flows of people in Newnham?
A
- College/university influence e.g. Fellows act 1882
- Diversity due to 6% student population
24
Q
What are the flows of resources in Romsey?
A
- Eco mosque
- General Improvement area 1981 = grants
25
What are the flows of resources in Newnham?
- Very few flows of resources out of Newnham today
26
Flows of money in Romsey?
- Cambridge Eco mosque - £23mill
- General improvement area 1981 - grants given to people to improve their homes
- 1981 caused gentrification - between 1991-2011 20% renting increase
27
Flows of money in Newnham?
- Most investment comes with university funding e.g. Maxwell Center = £26 million to build - provides employment
- 2002 West Cambridge Site opened - businnesses co-locating with universities, creation of the £20m William Gates Computor Lab
- 2013 University Sports centre - cost £16m
28
Flows of ideas in Romsey?
Increasing diversity - e.g. eco mosque built in 2019
29
Flows of ideas in Newnham?
- Technologcal sector investment
- Home to the British Antarctic Survey
30
What is the locational context/background for CB1?
In the Station Road area of central Cambridge and was rebranded beginning in 2010
31
Why did CB1 need rebranding?
- First developed in 1845 (arrival of the railway)
- Key industries was flour milling (Fosters Mill/Spillers Ltc)
- Cambridge's growing employment in tertiary and quaternary sectors - shift away from industrialn production
- Area became derelict which lack of investment - exacerbated during deep recession of 1990s
- Low environmental quality - flour mill burnt down (2010) buildings left unfinished and land was contaminated
32
How was the market led strategy used for rebranding CB1?
## Footnote
6 things - land use, housing, general use, brands and art
1. Mixed land use - minimises travel and prevents dormancy (less loitering, may be perceived as safer)
2. Vertical land use zoning - effecient and avoids noise
3. Mixed housing tenure - social intergration and less transcient pop
4. Passive and active use e.g. plaza
5. Attract big brands -e.g. Microsoft 2012
6. Artwork - spend £1.5 million on public art
33
How did the 'player' Brookgate help to rebrand CB1?
- Property developer - bought up sites around station in 2011
- Acquired 26 parcels of land
- Sold parcels of land to residential owners or developers to build on
- Took on the cost of bioregeneration (£21mill)
34
How did the player Robert Myers help to rebrand CB1?
Architects - developmed masterplan for site
35
How did Jesus College help rebrand CB1?
Owned station road and worked with Brookgate on the development
36
How did the player Anglia Ruskin University help with rebranding?
Gave the permission to build 3 accommodation block with around 400 student flats
37
How did the player Cambridge City Council help rebrand CB1?
Granted planning permission with hope to create jobs and affordable husing for residents
38
How did TNCs (like Microsoft and Deloitte) help rebrand CB1?
Major companies locating offices here built prestigious nature of the area. Created jobs
39
How did local redients help rebrand CB1?
Digital placemaking via social media groups to creat community cohesion
40
What were the successes of rebranding CB1?
- On national scale won the midlands and central England BCO prize for best commecial workspace
- International businesses moving in (e.g. Microsoft 2012, Cambridge near station is perfect place and access to tech hub created by the uni, also connection to London)
41
What were the failures of rebranding CB1?
1. Park - fenced off for 2 years due to conflict over space with student and familys sharing (Brookgate asked for £150,000 extra to solve problems)
2. Mixed housing tenure - issues with the social intergration of students
3. Only 30% of the 40% of the affordable housing has been built
4. Politce called a disproportionate no of times to deal with pop up brothals and sex trafficking
5. Residents never gor the promised heritage center or health center
42
What is the perception of CB1?
Changed from being seen as a rundown area to a hub for commercial activity
43
What is the locational context/background for Cambridge, UK?
A city with a pop of aprox 154,000 people in the southern United Kingdom (AC)
44
What is the locational context/background for Jalousie, Haiti?
Jalousie is a slum neighbourhood in the suburbs of Port au Prince, the captial city of Haiti an LIDC. Jalousie has an estimated population of 80,000
45
What are the reasons for Haiti's inequality/low level of development (historical and other)
## Footnote
Colonisation, during colonisation, after colonisation and effects
- Colonised by the French - exploited the land and people under the system of slavery (while UK was a major global coloniser - benifit from exploiting foreign resources)
- Extensively darmed for sugar cane - left dry, barren land and little foundation for future farming + the land was deforests (more susceptible to landslides)
- Revolted in 1804 and independant in 1804. BUT France gave them an independence debt worth over $500 billion (today) and trade embargos set by USA (hampered future development)
- IMF and World Bank structrual readjustment programs - decimated public services
46
What did the slave revolt in Haiti led? (reasons for inequality)
Led to a country without a constitution or political system, rendering it unstable ever since + encouraed dictators and corruption
47
What is housing like in Haiti (evidence of social inequality)
- 73% of Haiti's urban population live in slums (almost 100% in Jalousie - a slum town)
- Jalousie built on steep slopes, vulnerable to mudslides
- No water system - 26p for a 5 gallon bucket of water/poor sanitation
48
What is the housing like in Cambridge?
- No-one lives in slum settlements
- 39% live in flats
- 30% terraced housing
- All have sanitation and clean running water
49
What are the crime rates like in Haiti?
- 55 homicides per 100,000
- Armed robbery is common
50
What are the crime rates like in Cambridge?
- 1 homicide per 100,000
- There is crime but generally a safe place to live
51
What is the digital divide like in Haiti? (how many have access to the internet)
41% have access to internet
52
What is the digital divide for Uk? (how many have access to the internet)
98% have access to the internet
53
What is the environment like in Haiti?
- 62% of Jalousie residents live in areas of low environmental quality
- Human waste in rivers causes water-bourne diseases - e.g. typhoid
- Rivers of plastic accumulate during rainstorms
- PM2.5 levels 3x WHO limit -- linked to lung cancer
54
What is the environment like in Cambridge?
- Averages less than 2(upsidedown n)g per m3
- Public transport transitioning to electric buses
55
What is the average income for Jalousie? (factors which influence)
$1,500 a year
56
What is the average income for Cambridge?
$49,000
57
What is the female unemployment rate like in Jalousie and what are females at risk of?
23% - at risk of gender based violence and have a low level of decision-making power
58
What is the female unemployment rate in Cambridge and how much has the pay gap been reduced by?
3.9%
Reduced from 28% in 1997 to 14% in 2023
59
Does Haiti have a young or old population?
Very young pop - 2.87 births per woman, giving a 58% dependency ratio
60
What is the age like in Cambridge?
High proportion of young adults (students, young professionals) support tax income
Birth rates lower - 1.56 births per woman
61
What is the health like in Jalousie?
## Footnote
Think infant mortality, access to healthcare service and tuberculosis
- Infant mortality = 59 per 1,000
- Tuberculosis = 91 per 100,000
- Only 60% have access to healthcare services
62
What is the health like in Cambridge?
## Footnote
Infant mortality, tuberculosis, healthcare
- Infant mortality = 5 per 1,000 births
- Tuberculosis = 8 per 100,000
- All residents have access to free NHS public healthcare
63
How much do Haiti familys have to pay to send their children to school?
$127 per year
64
How many children in Port-au-Prince have never attended primary school?
42%
65
What is the percentage of children that go to Primary school for free in Cambridge?
Almost 100%
66
What is the context/background for Detroit, Michigan, USA?
Used to have an expanding economy from 1900s-1950s from car manufacturing, but due to racial tensions, oil crisises and global financial crashes, Detroit is experiancing negative economic change
67
What happened in 1903 in Detroit Michigan?
## Footnote
Cars, workers and union of cars
- Introduction of Fordist Production (production lines for cars)
- Ofers workers high wages ($5 a day)
- Large scale migration from OSuth
- Ford's success attracted General Motors and Chrysler, forming big 3
68
What happened in the 1940s in Detroit?
WW2
- Decline in car production, factories used for making armaments
- Fuel rationed in the USA (1942)
69
What happened in the 1950s in Detroit (freeways)?
- Freeway network expanded rapidly such as M-8 = migration out of the city
- Increased car ownership an wealth (consumerism)
70
What happened in the 1950s in Detroit (suburbs)?
- Suburbs 'Dearborn' (built by Ford) were formed, faciltated by car ownership
- White middle class workers moved out to enjoy the American Dream, leaving poorer black population behind (whit flight)
71
What happened in Detroit in the 1960s? (surrounding racial tensions)
- White pop disproportionately in managerial positions in factories compared to black workers
- Heavy handed policing
- DIfferences in income and life quality
- Caused tensions and rioting in the city, exacerbated white flight
72
What happened during the 1967 Race Riot in Detroit?
- 5 day riot
- 43 dead
- 342 injured
- 1,400 buildings burnt
73
What did the Oil Crisis (1970s) cause in Detroit?
- Big 3 slow to realise people need more fuel effeciant cars - significant decline in car purchases, jobs cut
74
Why was there an oil crisis in the 1970s?
Trade embargo put in place by OPEC - the cost of oil rose 300%
75
What hapened during the 1990s in Detroit?
- Last car factory shut, decentralisation
76
What happened during the 2008 Financial Crash in Detroit?
- Global crash triggered by the sale of sub-prime mortgages
- Abandonment of houses
- 29 schools shut down
77
What happened in 2013 for Detroit?
Bankruptcy - declared in debt of $18 billion
78
How did the big three (Ford, GM, Chrysler) helped to degenerate Detroit?
## Footnote
6 things - Ford,
- Ford invented affordable car/assembly line whilst doubling workers wages - caused unnatural population spike
- Automotive industry promoted the building of roads/freeways, tearing the entre apart
- Built own suburbs in Detroit (e.g. Fords Dearborn)
- Workers moved to new suburbs toook their tax contributions
- Decentralised manufacturing and didn't provide energy effecient cars when neccessary
79
How did the banks help degenerate Detroit?
## Footnote
Redlining and subprime loans
- Redlining: FHA didn't ensure mortgages in areas deemed risky - drew maps over areas of black families in red to not insure loans (segregation affected jobs you could access ect)
- Subprime loans: AA 2x likely to recieve loans whch start cheap, but become less and less (helped trigger 2008)
80
How did individuals help to degenerate Detroit?
## Footnote
White flight and malls
- White flight: white people didn't want to ive among balc neighbours, left for suburbs decimating city's tax base
- Shopping at new suburban malls (Hudson Department Store) reduced business for city center
81
How did Unions help degenerate Detroit?
- Demanded higher wages, improved working standard and retirement benefits in 1930s - Henry Ford concluded Ford in Detroit as unprofitable in 1941
82
How did the local government helped to degenerate Detroit?
## Footnote
Corruption, tax dollar, pensions
- Corrupt: Mayor Kwama Kilpatrick convicted of 24 federal offences
- Wasted tax dollars on fraudulent contracts and pocked $1m
- $3bn unfunded pension liabilities
83
How many abandoned buildings are there in Detroit? (urban pairie)
70,000-78,000
84
What does Detroit Blight Blusters do? (regenerate)
Demolish/rebuild/board 1,500 nearby properties in Old Redford and facilitated 182,000 volunteers to stabilise the neighborhoods in NW Detroit
85
What does Detroit Blight Busterd do with old parts of buildings and how much have they invested?
$20m and they recycle it
86
What community based projects do Detroit Blight Busters do?
Painted murals and revitalise properties in a 1 mile area at a time
87
Why was D-Twon Farms formed?
Lack of access to affordable groceries in Detroit (classified as a food desert)
88
What do D-Town Farms do in Detroit?
1. Small scale agricultural plots throughout city - fresh herbs, fruit, veg
2. Led by black community - move the city in a progessive direction and reframe agriculture for AA as an act of self determination
89
Where does D-Town Farms mainly plant in Detroit
2 acre site inside of Rouge park - growing 37 different foods in an area of problems with diabetes and obesity
90
What is Pure Michigan?
An advertising campaign launched by the state of Michigan, maketing it as a travel and tourism destination
91
How many trips from outside the state did Pure Michigan encourage and how much did tourists spend in 2014?
5.6 million trips
$22.8 bn
92
How many jobs did Pure Michigan create?
214,000 jobs
93
Did Detroit directly benefit from Pure Michigan?
Not directly, but has drawn more funding from the state to regenerate
94
How did the Strategic Neighbourhood Fund help to regenerate Detroit?
2016 - Targeting 10 neighbourhoods
Invested in infrastructure - attracted $113m in private equity
95
How did the car industry help to regenerate Detroit?
- New Ford factory - $1.44bn investment
- New research campus in dearborn
- +3000 jobs
96
What percentage of Detroit is below the poverty line?
35%
97
How many food banks are in Detroit?
113
98
What is the % of the adult pop in Detroit obese?
36.8%
99
Since when has Detroit have had no national food stores (food desert)?
2007
100
What % was the white pop of Detroit between 1920-2010?
95%-10%
101
What % was the black pop of Detroit between 1920-2010?
5%-83%
102
What was the population of Detroit between 1920-50?
1m to 1.85m
103
What was the pop of Detroit between 1950-2010?
1.8m to 700k
