Coasts EQ4 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the economic impacts of erosion in the UK?
costs associated to increase 3-9x
What were the economic impacts of Cyclone Sidr in bangladesh?
-cost $2.31bill
-34,000 injured
-coastal towns destroyed
-destruction of mangroves
-The mangroves did provide significant protection to some coastal areas, especially to villages and settlements located behind the mangrove forests, however this was diminished by intensity of cyclone
What are examples of environmental refugees in coastal areas?
Bangladesh- 1.6mill families affected by cyclone, international aid requested and 1000 missing
Fairbourne, Wales- one of fastest erosion rates in Europe, residents relocated by 2054, nothing being done to stop erosion
What is hard engineering?
preventing natural processes
What is soft engineering?
working with natural processes
What are the facts about Rossall, Blackpool?
A new reinforced concrete sea wall was built to provide better flood protection and a number of groynes built
advantages- protection of rossall
disavantages-high cost of 20 million, unattractive may deter tourism
What are the facts about fairbourne, wales?
fairbourne is at risk from sea level rise and storm surges, defences will be maintained till 2054 however no active intervention after that as the cost to defend Fairbourne long-term is disproportionately high relative to the small population
labelled UKs first climated change ghost village
stakeholders-
residents - feel abandoned
Local Council: Balancing cost-effectiveness with public pressure.
media- under scrutiny in the media
advantages- cost effective
disadvantages-
-Residents face psychological, social, and financial losses. - may not receive compensation
-Could set a controversial precedent for other vulnerable UK communities.
What are the facts about Bacton, North Norfolk?
-Inspired by Dutch approaches
-Involved dumping 1.8 million m³ of sand along the shore in order to protect gas terminal and town
-erosion has slowed significantly near the gas terminal and town and enhances local beaches
however not permanent only lasts 15 years and requires maintenance
May not be sufficient in the face of accelerating sea level rise.
What are the facts about Odisha in India?
-200 hectares of mangroves to protect against coastal erosion
advantages- mangroves protect against erosion and floods/storm surges
after cyclone towns with mangrove protection has 80% less damage
-important carbon sink mitigating climate change
disadvantage-
pollution, litter and oil spills diminish ability to protect the coast
What are the facts about Maldives, Kiribati?
first climate refugees, moved to Fiji
water insecurity
mangroves planted to limit erosion from high tides
What does sustainable management involve?
managing wider coastal zone by minimizing the environmental and ecological impacts while benefitting people
What are examples of sustainable management?
Blackwater estuary
Thames Barrier
What are the 4 main approaches to coastal management?
hold the line
advance the line
managed retreat
no intervention
What is the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach?
variety of stake holders included in decisions on management plan of coastline
eg business owners, local council
What are examples of ICZM?
document for each sediment cell called shoreline management plan
cost-benefit assessment
What does decision making processes involve?
cost benfit assessment
shoreline management plan
environmental impact assessments
blackwater estuary
managed realignment scheme created by creating breaches in sea wall and allowing salt marshes to form
-high costs of maintaining sea walls were avoided
-ecotourism created on salt marshes
-uncertainties about erosion long term- relatively new approach
types of hard engineering
sea walls- concrete with steel reinforcements - expensive
groynes- stone or timber fences to catch sediment
rock armour- large boulders which reduce wave energy
