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PSYC 345A Final > Cocaine > Flashcards

Cocaine Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for cocaine?

A
  • benzoylmethylecgonine
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2
Q

What category of chemicals is cocaine in?

A
  • alkaloids
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3
Q

What is the botanical origin of alkaloids?

A
  • coca
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4
Q

What neurotransmitters are related to cocaine?

A
  • serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

- however doesn’t resemble the structure

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5
Q

What is Coca-Cola?

A
  • coca leaf (coca) and kola nut (caffeine)
  • remove coca from leaf (“decocanized flavour essence”)
  • formula change (no kola nut)
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6
Q

In what ways is coca administrated? What effects does this have?

A
  • chewing, tea
  • alleviate fatigue, appetite suppressant
  • reduce pain (little research)
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7
Q

In what ways is cocaine administrated?

A
  • inhaled

- insufflated/injected

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8
Q

What are the forms of cocaine that are inhaled?

A
  • paste: leaves mixed with organic solvent (kerosine or gasoline) and smoked with tobacco (toxic)
  • freebase: extract with solvent (explosive)
  • crack: mixed with baking soda and water (safer)
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9
Q

What forms of cocaine are insufflated/injected?

A
  • hydrochloride: salt form of freebase

- potency increases with successive extractions

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10
Q

On a cellular level, what does cocaine do?

A
  • reuptake inhibitor in mesolimbic dopamine pathway

- antagonist to sodium channels

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11
Q

How does cocaine function as a reuptake inhibitor?

A
  • blocks a transporter protein

- results in post-synaptic reactivation

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12
Q

What effects results in reuptake inhibition by cocaine?

A
  • feelings of pleasure

- with acute doses, positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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13
Q

What areas of the brains are affected by reuptake inhibition by cocaine?

A
  • nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex (delusions, disordered thought and speech)
  • ventral tegmental area (reward)
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14
Q

What is the problem with limbic reuptake inhibition implying emotions are involved?

A
  • dopamine is rewarding but difficult to distinguish from emotions
  • euphoria is induced by acute doses which implies a different mechanism
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15
Q

What is evidence that cocaine may have other effects (aside from reuptake inhibition of dopamine)?

A
  • dopamine transporter antagonists do not induce the same behavioural effects as cocaine
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16
Q

When is sensitization of cocaine observed?

A
  • with larger euphoria and crashes in heavy users

- more brain excitation

17
Q

What is CART?

A
  • cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
  • neuromodulator produced after psychostimulation triggers transcription factors (in midbrain)
  • starvation (hypothalamus)
18
Q

How does CART act as a neuromodulator in the midbrain?

A
  • stored in vesicles with dopamine, increase release
  • when alone induces locomotor activity
  • when with dopamine prevent increase
19
Q

How does CART act in the hypothalamus?

A
  • responsible for decrease in eating behaviours (anorectic)
20
Q

How does cocaine act as an antagonist?

A
  • antagonist to sodium channels
  • results in no electric propagation
  • anesthesia
21
Q

What are the short-term effects of cocaine?

A
  • enhanced self-esteem/confidence
  • “giddiness”: arousal, motor activation, euphoria
  • increased talkativeness
22
Q

What are the long term affects of cocaine? What are they caused by?

A
  • anxiety/depression: downregulation in limbic system
  • motor problems/tremor: downregulation in midbrain
  • death from psychosis-related or depression related suicides
  • “delay discounting”
23
Q

What is “delay discounting”?

A
  • outcomes are evaluated differently because of time delay
  • “$1 today, $20 in a month” vs “$5 today, $7 at end of month”
  • cocaine users will always choose closest option
24
Q

Does cocaine produce tolerance?

A
  • “acute”: coke-out, freeze and let-down depression

- physiological

25
Q

What does it mean to “coke-out”?

A
  • subsequent administration does not illicit same effect for 10-12 hours
26
Q

What does “freeze” mean?

A
  • pyschic numbing followed by exhilaration/well-being
27
Q

What is “let-down depression”?

A
  • occurs after first dose as a result of coke-out

- emotional uplifting?

28
Q

What physiological tolerance results from cocaine use?

A
  • slow
  • heart-rate and blood pressure
  • high incidence of first time over-dosing

PSYC 345A Final (7 decks)

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