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PSYC 345A Final > Marijuana > Flashcards

Marijuana Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the street names for cannabinoids?

A
  • marijuana, hashish, “pot”, weed, grass
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2
Q

What is hemp?

A
  • does not refer to drug

- refers to plant fibers used for material items

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3
Q

Where does marijuana come from? Where does hashish come from?

A
  • leafy greens

- plant resin

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4
Q

What are phytocannabinoids?

A
  • delta9-tetrahydrocannabinoid (delta9-THC)

- generic name: dronabinol (medical marijuana)

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5
Q

What is active in delta9-THC?

A
  • drug

- metabolites: cannabinol and cannabidiol

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6
Q

What is the problem with the activity of multiple substances?

A
  • analogues exert unique effects (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC formed in liver)
  • metabolites exert unique effects (potentiate or interact with THC compounds)
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7
Q

What complicates potency and distribution of phytocannabinoids?

A
  • highly lipid-soluble, however protein bound
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8
Q

Why were synthetic alternatives to cannabinoids made?

A
  • emerged from scientific research meant to study the effects on receptors
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9
Q

What are the synthetic alternatives of cannabinoids?

A
  • Non-classical (synthesized analgesics), hybrids (blend of extracts and synthesized)
  • aminoalkyllindoles (anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesia)
  • eicosanoid (synthesized endo; immune response, pain perception)
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10
Q

What properties do synthetic cannabinoids exhibit?

A
  • stimulant and hallucinogenic

- full agonist

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11
Q

What is the problem with synthetic cannabinoids?

A
  • contamination with other chemicals
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12
Q

What is the potency of cannabinoids? What is the problem with determining potency?

A
  • hashish “more potent” than marijuana
  • effects are dose-dependent
  • modern strains are more variable and have higher concentrations
  • skews interpretation and comparability of research
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13
Q

What are the dose dependent effects of cannabinoids?

A
  • buzz: light headed, tingling
  • high: euphoric, exhilarated
  • stoned: calm and relaxed
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14
Q

How are cannabinoids administered?

A
  • inhalation (1 min - 2/4 hr)

- ingestion (1 hr-4/6 hr)

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15
Q

What effects the intake of inhalation?

A
  • only 50% released in smoke
  • time in lungs
  • usually 20% absorbed
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16
Q

What is a contact high?

A
  • second-hand inhalation can result in psychoactive levels

- little evidence!

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17
Q

What effects the intake of ingestion?

A
  • first-pass metabolism deactivates 50%

- metabolites psychoactive but to lesser extent

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18
Q

Which method of intake requires more drug?

A
  • ingestion requires 3x more than inhalation
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19
Q

What is the problem with the method of ingestion?

A
  • lack of immediate effects makes users eat more
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20
Q

Why do cannabinoids stay in the body for long periods of time?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • highly lipid soluble
21
Q

What are the cellular actions of cannabinoids?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • partial agonism

- endocannabinoid system

22
Q

What neurotransmitters are affected by cannabinoids? What kind of receptors?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • anadamide, 2AG

- metabotropic receptors

23
Q

What areas of the brain are affected by cannabinoids (CB1)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum (motor inhibition)
  • nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus (mood elevation, psychosis)
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • cerebral cortex (cognition, pain relief)
  • thalamus , spinal cord (pain relief)
  • hypothalamus (appetite)
24
Q

What causes the stimulating effect of cannabinoids?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens
25
What is a retrograde neurotransmitter molecule?
- modulates release of neurotransmitter reducing firing rate
26
What areas of the brain are affected by cannabinoids (C2)?
- manufactured in hippocampus, immuno-facilitative | - glial cells
27
What are the behavioural effects on motor coordination and reaction time for delta9-THC?
- low dosage: increase in motor activity decrease coordination - high dosage: decrease motor activity increase in reaction time
28
What is "amotivational syndrome"?
- persistent lack of motivation to engage in productive activities - cannabis made effortful tasks seem less effortful - motivated for reward - overall, no evidence of amotivational syndrome
29
What are the cognitive effects of short-term memory impairment on delta9-THC?
- word recall - low dosage: memory deficits with no attention impairment - high dosage: memory, reasoning, and attention impairment - diminished LTP in hippocampus
30
What is developmental persistance?
- permanent decline for every "5 marijuana years worth" of exposure
31
What are the cognitive effects of decelerated time for delta9-THC?
- perception of time is slowed down | - associated with the "stoned" phase
32
What area of the brain causes decelerated time effects?
- reduction in blood flow to cerebellum
33
What is temporal disintegration in decelerated time?
- alteration in perceptions associated with time (sequence, tempo)
34
What are "flight of ideas" in decelerated time?
- spontaneous, seemingly random ideas | - subjectively reported as racing thoughts
35
What are the cognitive effects on executive functions for delta9-THC?
- impairment while abstinent for chronic users | - persistent outcome
36
What is the "gateway" or "stepping-stone" theory?
- marijuana use will lead to illicit drug use | - support for process but not outcome (not all users go to next step)
37
What are "correlated vulnerabilities"?
- drug use is accounted for by the user's characteristics | - users will use anything
38
What are the long-term effects of cannabinoids?
- verbal fluency and divided attention
39
Are there differences between different levels of users?
- no difference | - intellectual impairment reversed with abstinence
40
What correlates with cannabinoid use?
- age of onset (less than 17) - heavy users reveal severe verbal IQ deficits - 40% higher chance for schizophrenia, GAD, depression - changes in dopaminergic pathway
41
Do cannabinoids result in tolerance?
- free access to joints for weeks 1-4 - participants complained joints were becoming weak - demonstrated suspiciousness, paranoid, agitated, apathetic, withdrawn and depressed - implies downregulation of receptors
42
Do cannabinoids result in withdrawal?
- no access to joints after week 5-7 - week 5: irritability, uncooperativeness, resistance, and hostility, appetite suppression, insomnia - week 6: symptoms dissipate
43
How does the DSM-V describe cannabis dependence?
- general criteria of substance dependence
44
How does the DSM-V describe cannabis withdrawal syndrome?
- 3 of following | - irritability, anger, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty sleeping...
45
What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?
- nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain as a result of weekly cannabis use following a history of cannabis use for years
46
What evidence supports cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?
- compulsive hot baths (for symptom release) | - colicky abdominal pain (toxicity)
47
Do cannabinoids display toxicity?
- delta9-THC low toxicity | - dronabinol: lethary, decreased motor coordination, slurred speech and postural hypotension
48
What do drug discrimination studies find?
- able to discriminate from placebo, benzodiazepine, opioid, stimulant
49
What is evidence for subjective effects?
- dose-dependent effects - learned responses - different cannabinoids result in different effects

PSYC 345A Final (7 decks)

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