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Coddling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is antifragility in the context of children?

A

Children, like complex adaptive systems, are antifragile

Antifragility refers to the ability to thrive and grow stronger when exposed to challenges and stressors.

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2
Q

What do children’s brains require to configure themselves?

A

A wide range of inputs from their environments

This adaptation is essential for their development into strong and capable adults.

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3
Q

What must children be exposed to in order to mature?

A

Challenges and stressors (within limits, and in age-appropriate ways)

Exposure to such challenges is crucial for developing resilience and engagement with differing perspectives.

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4
Q

How have concepts like trauma and safety changed since the 1980s?

A

They have expanded to be used in ways often not grounded in legitimate psychological research

This expansion has implications for child protection and development.

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5
Q

What is safetyism?

A

The cult of safety—an obsession with eliminating threats to the point of unreasonable trade-offs

This obsession can hinder the development of resilience in young people.

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6
Q

What negative impact does safetyism have on young people?

A

It deprives them of experiences that their antifragile minds need, making them more fragile, anxious, and prone to victimhood

This can affect their ability to engage with the world and develop coping mechanisms.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Safetyism is an obsession with eliminating _______.

A

[threats]

This includes both real and imagined threats.

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8
Q

True or False: Children should be completely protected from all challenges to ensure their safety.

A

False

Complete protection can hinder healthy development and resilience.

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9
Q

What is a universal psychological insight regarding fear and dismay?

A

What really frightens and dismays us is not external events themselves but the way in which we think about them

This insight is attributed to Epictetus.

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10
Q

What does CBT stand for and what is its purpose?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; it is a method for identifying common cognitive distortions and changing habitual patterns of thinking.

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11
Q

How does CBT affect critical thinking and mental health?

A

It helps the rider (controlled processing) to train the elephant (automatic processing), resulting in better critical thinking and mental health.

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12
Q

What is emotional reasoning?

A

A common cognitive distortion where individuals base their thoughts and actions on their emotions rather than facts.

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13
Q

What are microaggressions?

A

Brief and commonplace indignities and slights communicated to people of color and others.

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14
Q

Why is the term ‘microaggressions’ considered misleading?

A

It includes accidental and unintentional offenses, while ‘aggression’ implies intent.

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15
Q

What can be a consequence of interpreting actions through the lens of microaggressions?

A

It may amplify the pain experienced and the conflict that ensues.

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16
Q

How can teaching about microaggressions affect student behavior?

A

It may encourage students to interpret actions in the least generous way, leading to higher levels of distrust and conflict.

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17
Q

Who is Karith Foster and what does she exemplify?

A

She exemplifies using empathy to reappraise actions interpreted as microaggressions, leading to better outcomes.

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18
Q

What has increased in recent years on campuses regarding speakers?

A

Efforts to ‘disinvite’ speakers from giving talks.

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19
Q

What justification is often given for disinviting speakers?

A

The claim that the speaker will cause harm to students.

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20
Q

What is the difference between discomfort and danger in the context of education?

A

Discomfort is not danger.

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21
Q

What is the principle stated by Hanna Holborn Gray regarding education?

A

Education should not be intended to make people comfortable; it is meant to make them think.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: CBT helps the rider (controlled processing) to train the elephant (_______).

A

automatic processing.

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23
Q

What did Henri Tajfel’s psychological experiments demonstrate about the human mind?

A

The human mind readily divides the world into ‘us’ and ‘them’ based on trivial or arbitrary criteria.

This reflects the evolutionary background of humans living in tribes engaged in conflict.

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24
Q

What is common-humanity identity politics?

A

A form of identity politics where practitioners humanize their opponents and appeal to their humanity while applying political pressure.

Practiced by figures like Martin Luther King, Jr. and Pauli Murray.

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25
What does common-enemy identity politics aim to achieve?
It seeks to unite a coalition using tribal psychology, exemplified by the Bedouin proverb about solidarity against external threats. ## Footnote This approach is utilized by both the far right and the far left.
26
What is intersectionality in the context of identity politics?
An intellectual framework that teaches the intersection of multiple axes of privilege and oppression. ## Footnote While it has merits, its interpretation on campuses can amplify tribal thinking.
27
How can intersectionality contribute to tribal thinking?
Certain interpretations can encourage the belief in an 'us versus them' mentality, framing life as a battle between good and evil. ## Footnote This perspective can distort understanding of complex social dynamics.
28
What is the impact of common-enemy identity politics combined with microaggression theory?
It results in a call-out culture where individuals may face public shaming for almost anything they say or do. ## Footnote This can create a sense of anxiety and self-censorship among students.
29
What are the negative effects of call-out cultures on students?
They can detrimentally affect education and mental health, fostering self-censorship and a sense of 'walking on eggshells.' ## Footnote These cultures conflict with the educational missions of universities.
30
What criteria were used to label certain ideas as Great Untruths?
They contradict ancient wisdom, modern psychological research on flourishing, and harm individuals and communities. ## Footnote This framework is introduced in the book's introductory chapter.
31
What will Part II of the book focus on?
Recent dramatic events on campus that are more intelligible when understood through the lens of the three Great Untruths. ## Footnote This section aims to clarify the effects of these ideas on individuals and groups.
32
What event marked a major shift in campus protests on February 1, 2017?
The 'Milo Riot' at UC Berkeley
33
What tactic was used successfully to stop a speaker during the Milo Riot?
Violence
34
What justification did some students provide for the violence used during the Milo Riot?
Self-defense to prevent violent speech
35
What percentage of students in a 2017 survey said it was sometimes 'acceptable' for others to use violence to prevent a speaker from speaking?
20% and 30%
36
What rally in Charlottesville involved a white nationalist killing a peaceful counterprotester?
'Unite the Right' rally
37
What was the result of provocations from far-right groups following the Unite the Right rally?
Increased tensions on campus
38
What record was reached in the fall of 2017 regarding speakers?
Record level of efforts to shut down speakers
39
In 2017, what idea about speech began to spread, even without threats or harassment?
Speech can be violence
40
What is the Stoic response to dealing with perceived violence from speech?
Cultivating nonreactivity
41
What did Van Jones suggest as an antifragile response to adversity?
'Put on some boots, and learn how to deal with adversity.'
42
Who warned against demonizing opponents and using violence against them?
Nelson Mandela
43
What do advocates of nonviolent resistance, like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., note about violent tactics?
They are self-defeating and close off peaceful resolution
44
What might be a goal of a movement that is not entirely focused on peaceful resolution?
Group cohesion
45
What approach might provide insight into the new culture of safetyism?
Sociological approach
46
Fill in the blank: Treating speech as violence is an interpretive _______.
choice
47
True or False: Most students say they would use violence to shut down a speech.
False
48
What do humans readily form to compete with other groups?
Groups ## Footnote Humans are described as tribal creatures who readily form groups.
49
Whose work illuminates how groups engage in rituals to enhance cohesion?
Emile Durkheim's ## Footnote Emile Durkheim was a sociologist known for his insights into social cohesion.
50
What are cohesive and morally homogeneous groups prone to when experiencing threats?
Witch hunts ## Footnote These groups may react defensively to perceived threats from outside or within.
51
List four properties of witch hunts.
* Seem to come out of nowhere * Involve charges of crimes against the collective * Offenses often trivial or fabricated * Innocent individuals keep quiet or join the mob
52
What events since 2015 match the profile of a witch hunt?
Campus protests at Yale, Claremont McKenna, and Evergreen ## Footnote These protests began as reactions to politely worded emails.
53
What was the outcome of the campus protests mentioned?
Demands for the authors of the emails to be fired ## Footnote The context for these protests may have valid concerns, but they led to unjust actions.
54
What trend emerged in 2017 regarding professors' actions?
Joining open letters denouncing colleagues ## Footnote Professors demanded the retraction or condemnation of their colleagues' work.
55
What is one important type of diversity that reduces susceptibility to witch hunts?
Viewpoint diversity ## Footnote This includes diversity of political thought.
56
How has diversity of political thought changed among professors and students since the 1990s?
It has declined substantially ## Footnote This decline may contribute to increased susceptibility to witch hunts.
57
What cultural phenomenon has spread rapidly since its emergence around 2013?
The culture of safetyism ## Footnote This may be linked to political polarization in the United States.
58
What has the United States experienced since the 1980s in terms of polarization?
A steady increase in affective (or emotional) polarization.
59
Define affective polarization.
It means that people who identify with either of the two main political parties increasingly hate and fear the other party and the people in it.
60
How is affective polarization characterized in the United States?
It is roughly symmetrical.
61
What shift has occurred among university students and faculty during rising affective polarization?
They have shifted leftward.
62
What has been the reaction of conservatives and right-leaning organizations towards universities?
They have begun to receive less trust and more hostility.
63
When did high-profile cases of professors being hounded or harassed from the right begin to increase?
Beginning in 2016.
64
What has accompanied rising political polarization since 2016?
Increases in racial and political provocation from the right.
65
Who are the typical targets of political provocation directed by the right?
On-campus targets.
66
What is an essential part of the story of changing behavior on campus since 2016?
Rising political polarization.
67
What is the second explanatory thread regarding adolescent mental health?
The national rise in adolescent anxiety and depression that began around 2011 ## Footnote This rise is linked to various social and technological changes affecting youth.
68
What generation is referred to as iGen?
The generation born between 1995 and 2012 ## Footnote iGen is sometimes also referred to as Gen Z.
69
How does iGen differ from Millennials in terms of development?
iGen is growing up more slowly, spending less time unsupervised and hitting fewer developmental milestones ## Footnote Milestones include getting a job or a driver's license.
70
What trend has been observed in the mental health of iGen?
iGen has far higher rates of anxiety and depression, especially among girls and young women ## Footnote Increases in mental illness are not solely due to changing definitions.
71
What significant statistic is noted about the suicide rate of adolescent girls since 2007?
The suicide rate of adolescent girls has doubled since 2007 ## Footnote This highlights a severe mental health crisis among young females.
72
What does Jean Twenge identify as the primary cause of increased mental illness in adolescents?
Frequent use of smartphones and other electronic devices ## Footnote Less than two hours of screen time seems to have no negative effects.
73
What are the mental health outcomes for adolescents who spend several hours a day on screens?
They have worse mental health outcomes than those who use devices less and engage more in face-to-face interaction ## Footnote Early exposure to screens exacerbates these effects.
74
Why might girls suffer more than boys regarding mental health in the context of social media?
Girls are more adversely affected by social comparisons, feelings of exclusion, and relational aggression ## Footnote These issues are amplified by the use of smartphones and social media.
75
What cultural phenomenon coincided with iGen's arrival at college?
The culture of safetyism from 2013 to 2017 ## Footnote This culture may attract students with higher anxiety and depression levels.
76
How do depression and anxiety affect cognition in adolescents?
They can cause a tendency to perceive the world as more dangerous and hostile than it really is ## Footnote This distorted perception can impact decision-making and social interactions.
77
What is the third explanatory thread discussed?
Paranoid parenting ## Footnote Paranoid parenting refers to an overly protective approach to raising children that can hinder their development.
78
How does overprotection affect children?
It harms them by making them weaker and less resilient ## Footnote Children are naturally antifragile, meaning they benefit from challenges and risks.
79
How do today's children's childhoods compare to those of their parents?
They are more restricted and have fewer opportunities for unsupervised play and exploration ## Footnote This trend affects their intrinsic antifragility.
80
What generation is particularly noted for being deprived of unsupervised time?
iGen, born in and after 1995 ## Footnote Members of iGen have faced more restrictions compared to previous generations.
81
What is the general safety status of children in prosperous countries today?
They are safer than at any other point in history ## Footnote Despite this, fear of abduction remains high among parents.
82
What belief has developed among many American parents regarding child supervision?
Children should never be without adult supervision ## Footnote This belief contributes to the perception of the world as dangerous.
83
What negative impact can helicopter parenting have?
It may negatively impact the mental health and resilience of young people ## Footnote Helicopter parenting is characterized by excessive involvement in children's lives.
84
What are the two contrasting parenting styles identified by sociologist Annette Lareau?
Concerted cultivation and natural growth parenting ## Footnote These styles differ significantly between middle-class and working-class families.
85
What impact can overparenting have on college students from wealthier families?
They may become more fragile due to overparenting and oversupervision ## Footnote This contrasts with the challenges faced by students from poorer backgrounds.
86
What risks do college students from poorer backgrounds face?
Potential exposure to chronic, severe adversity ## Footnote This adversity can hinder resilience, especially without caring adult relationships.
87
What do paranoid parenting practices prepare children to embrace?
The three Great Untruths ## Footnote These untruths contribute to a culture of safetyism in college environments.
88
What is the fifth explanatory thread regarding campus bureaucracy?
The growth of campus bureaucracy and the expansion of its protective mission. ## Footnote This reflects how administrative growth affects university policies and student experiences.
89
What can good intentions of administrators lead to?
Policies that are bad for students. ## Footnote An example is a policy at Northern Michigan University that led to inhumane treatment of students seeking therapy.
90
How has the number of campus administrators changed relative to professors?
The number of campus administrators has grown more rapidly than the number of professors. ## Footnote This trend contributes to a decrease in professors' roles in university administration.
91
What trend has resulted from the growth of campus bureaucracy?
A trend toward 'corporatization.' ## Footnote This reflects a shift in university governance and operations.
92
What market pressures affect universities today?
An increasingly consumerist mentality about higher education. ## Footnote Universities compete based on amenities offered to students.
93
What approach do campus administrators tend to adopt when issuing new regulations?
'Better safe than sorry' (or 'CYA') approach. ## Footnote This approach can lead to a proliferation of regulations that may create a false sense of danger.
94
What is the effect of the proliferation of regulations over time?
It conveys a sense of imminent danger even when there is little or no real threat. ## Footnote This contributes to cognitive distortions and the culture of safetyism.
95
How do some regulations affect freedom of speech on campus?
They restrict freedom of speech with highly subjective definitions of key concepts. ## Footnote This can chill speech and promote cognitive distortions like catastrophizing.
96
What are 'Bias Response Lines' and 'Bias Response Teams'?
Innovations that allow campus community members to report one another anonymously for 'bias.' ## Footnote This approach may erode trust and negatively impact teaching methods.
97
What unintended consequence can arise from bureaucratic means of resolving conflicts?
Fostering moral dependence. ## Footnote This may reduce students' ability to resolve conflicts independently both during and after college.
98
What emotional impact did political events from 2012 to 2018 have?
They were as emotionally powerful as any since the late 1960s.
99
What is the response of today's college students and student protesters to recent political events?
They are demonstrating a powerful commitment to social justice activism.
100
What are the two major types of ordinary notions of justice?
* Distributive justice * Procedural justice
101
What does distributive justice refer to?
The perception that people are getting what is deserved.
102
What does procedural justice refer to?
The perception that the process of distribution and rule enforcement is fair and trustworthy.
103
What theory captures the common understanding of distributive justice?
Equity theory.
104
What does equity theory state?
Things are perceived to be fair when the ratio of outcomes to inputs is equal for all participants.
105
What is procedural justice concerned with?
How decisions are being made and how people are treated during the process.
106
What is social justice in the context of campus life today?
A central concept that takes various forms.
107
What do we call social justice efforts that align with both distributive and procedural justice?
Proportional-procedural social justice.
108
What is the goal of proportional-procedural social justice efforts?
* Remove barriers to equality of opportunity * Ensure everyone is treated with dignity
109
What characterizes equal-outcomes social justice?
Efforts aimed at achieving equality of outcomes by group, possibly violating distributive or procedural fairness.
110
What does the saying 'correlation does not imply causation' imply in discussions of discrimination?
That demographic traits or identity group memberships correlated with outcome gaps do not necessarily indicate discrimination caused the gaps.
111
What happens if people cannot raise alternative causal explanations in university discussions?
The community is unlikely to arrive at an accurate understanding of the problem.
112
Why is understanding the true nature of a problem important?
Without it, there is little chance of solving the problem.

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