Code Switching

Question 1

Billingualism

Answer 1

strict: Native like fluency in two or more languages
loose: Common human condition that makes it possible to function at some level in more than one language. Same as Multilingualism for our purposes

Question 2

Code

Answer 2

Any language or variety of a language. Every variety is a code. Must choose appropriate code for appropriate situation.

Question 3

Multilingual Societies:

Answer 3

Social context determines language choice. To be socially competent you must know who uses what when and for what purpose.

Question 4

Typical interactions:

5 typical domains

Answer 4

Home, education, employment, religion, friendship

Question 5

Who created the 5 domains?

Answer 5

Joshua Fishman

Question 6

Bilingualism may lead to:

Answer 6

• Language loss
• Language Diffustion
  ex. the Balkans, Sri Lanka, Southern India

Question 7

Who created the original definition of Diglossia?

Answer 7

Charles Ferguson

Question 8

Language Loss

bilingualism

Answer 8

Immigrant groups usually only keep up bilingualism for one generation

Question 9

Language Diffusion

bilingualism

Answer 9

Certain features spread from one language to another.

Easiest: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax :Difficult

Question 10

Original Definition of diglossia

Answer 10

• Two varieties of the same L in the community H and L
• Distinct Functions
• No H in everyday communication
  ex. Switzerland (Swiss/ Standard German), Arabic, Haiti

Question 11

Five Characteristics of Diglossia:

Answer 11

1) Persistency
2) Functional Distribution
3) Prestige
4) Literary Heritage
5) All members of a community learn low variety

Question 12

Persistency

Answer 12

• social arrangement lasting more than 3 generations, no problem

Question 13

Functional Distribution

Answer 13

• Different function, no competition between varieties

- Must use the right variety in the right situation

Question 14

Who is Jeoffrey Chaucer

Answer 14

Author of Canabury Tales, broke diglossia in England (1343- 1400) by writing in English

Question 15

Prestige:

Answer 15

High variety, more codified

ex. High German Bible

Question 16

Literary Heritage

Answer 16

Most major Literature is in the high language, seen as the language

Question 17

All members of a community learn the low variety

Answer 17

Low variety learned first at home, high variety taught through the school system
ex. Haiti

Question 18

Leaking Diglossia

Answer 18

When a language doesn’t quite fulfill every requirement of diglossia but is more diglossia than most.

Question 19

Narrow Diglossia:

Answer 19

L variety is related to H variety ex. Swiss and Standard German

Question 20

Broad Diglossia:

Answer 20

L variety is not necessarily related to H variety

Question 21

How does diglossia affect social distinctions?

Answer 21

Diglossia reinforces social distinctions
ex. Haiti, all know creole but only some know French
Extending the high language threatens the existing power structure

Question 22

Doublets

Answer 22

High and low variety for the same word. French (H variety) veau – English (L variety) veal

Question 23

Does diglossia = bilingualism?

Answer 23

Not necessarily, Classic and Dialect Arabic

? this seems wrong?

Question 24

Code-switching:

Answer 24

Using more than one code, typically only one language at a time.

Question 25

Inter-sentential code-switching:

Answer 25

Finish clause or sentence than switch codes

Question 26

Intra-sentential code-switching

Answer 26

Mixing of languages win a sentence

Question 27

Situational Code-Switching

Answer 27

Code switching based on predictable social and situational factors.

Question 28

Metaphorical Code-Switching

Answer 28

Non-situationals, used as a communicative effect to empphasize something. ex Norwegian teacher delivering lecture in Bokmal switches to Ranamal to encourage discussion

Question 29

Selecting a Code

Answer 29

- Major identity marker: used to establish, cross or destroy social boundary - Symbol of power: used to create, evoke or change relationships ex. Ukrainian refuses to speak Russian - May be unconscious to show solidarity or social distinction

Question 30

Political expression of code-switching:

Answer 30

- to assert a right - to resist some other power - to claim a political identity - to express solidarity (re-creolized varieties in the UK) ex. French in Ontario, Russian Ukraine

Question 31

Tag Switching

Answer 31

Don't fully switch into other language but use "tags" or expression such as "salut". Solidarity markers b/w minority languages

Question 32

Quotational Switching

Answer 32

Switches code in order to quote another speaker. Not the exact words, but gives the impression that the words are very accurate

Question 33

Attitudes towards Code-Switching

Answer 33

- Puristic views | - For code switchers code-switching may be a source of pride

Question 34

The Equivalence Constraint:

Answer 34

We can only code switch at the point where the two languages overlap. None if they don't overlap

Question 35

What models did Carol Myers-Scotton create:

Answer 35

- Markedness Model | - Matrix Language Frame Model

Question 36

Markedness Model:

Answer 36

Speakers have marked and unmarked choices (doesn't equal high and low) and these vary by situation. ex. English vs indigenous languages in Nigeria

Question 37

Matrix Language Frame Model:

Answer 37

The Matrix provide the structure. | Embedded Language provides lexical items

Question 38

Matched guise test:

Answer 38

Person is judged speaking language X and language y. Judgements reveal social stereotypes * Introduced by Lambert:

Question 39

Lambert's Study

Answer 39

80 English Canadian and 92 French Canadian 1st year college students in Montreal. Used Matched guise Test - Female speakers in French Guise rated as more intelligent and sincere - Male speakers in English guises taller more likable and more humerous

Question 40

Accomodation

Answer 40

Message and code are inseparable. Speakers may try to accommodate to the expectations of others a sign of solidarity. - May be deliberate or unconscious - Reducing or increasing differences in speech Convergent Behaviour - decreases differences Divergent Behaviour - increases differences