Cognition

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Study of mental processes and how they influence feelings, thinking, and behaving

Question 2

Blindness

Answer 2

profound, near-total, or total impairment of the ability to perceive visual stimuli

Question 3

Choice blindness

Answer 3

a difficulty to detect discrepancies between a choice and its outcome and a tendency to justify choices which were never made

Question 4

Change blindness

Answer 4

a phenomenon of visual perception that occurs when a stimulus undergoes a change without this being noticed by its observer

Question 5

Attentional Blindness

Answer 5

any failure to notice visual stimuli that can be attributed to attentional factors rather than perceptual impairment

Question 6

Categories

Answer 6

broad grouping and organization

Question 7

Concepts

Answer 7

mental categories that represent a class, group, or relationship between stimuli

Question 8

Natural concept

Answer 8

overall perception or general descriptions (can be altered)

Question 9

Formal concept

Answer 9

clearly defined (can’t be altered)

Question 10

Prototype

Answer 10

example of a concept that embodies the essential characteristics

Question 11

Hierarchies

Answer 11

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Question 12

Networks

Answer 12

relationships between information

Question 13

Spreading Activation

Answer 13

association of ideas where one memory can trigger another

Question 14

Priming

Answer 14

cues that stimulate the retrieval of new information

Question 15

Top-Down Processing

Answer 15

the internal shift in attention to stimuli

Question 16

Bottom Up Processing

Answer 16

attention directed unconsciously to a stimuli, Starts with information from senses & moves up to broad

Question 17

Attentive Processing

Answer 17

when stimuli is similar enough that it doesn’t draw attention

Question 18

Preattentive Processing

Answer 18

when stimuli differs enough that it stands out (grabs your attention) (pre→differs)

Question 19

Speed Accuracy Tradeoff

Answer 19

rather be fast but less accurate or accurate but slower

Question 20

Stroop Effect

Answer 20

tendency to read words instead of saying color

Question 21

Convergent

Answer 21

narrowing into one solution

Question 22

Divergent

Answer 22

branching out into many

Question 23

Attention Blink

Answer 23

missing information while shifting attention from one thing to another

Question 24

A.D.D

Answer 24

neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattentiveness, distractibility, impulsiveness, appears early in life, boys diagnosed more than girls, has difficulty paying attention or sitting still

Question 25

A.D.H.D

Answer 25

same as A.D.D but more excessive

Question 26

Algorithms

Answer 26

mechanical, repetitive procedure for problem solving

Question 27

Heuristics

Answer 27

mental shortcuts (forms of bias)

Question 28

Framing Effect

Answer 28

response dependent on how something is phrased

Question 29

Gambler's Fallacy

Answer 29

probability changes based on past results

Question 30

Sunk Cost Effect

Answer 30

tendency to stick with a decision because of past actions

Question 31

Mental Set

Answer 31

the tendency to stick to solutions that have worked for you in the past when trying to solve a problem

Question 32

Insight

Answer 32

when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning (lightbulb moment)

Question 33

Creativity

Answer 33

ability to produce novel & useful solutions

Question 34

Intuition

Answer 34

feeling in your gut when you instinctively know that something you are doing is right or wrong

Question 35

Functional Fixedness

Answer 35

tendency to adhere to single approach

Question 36

Maximizers

Answer 36

considering every possibility to find best one

Question 37

Satisfiers

Answer 37

searching only until something satisfactory is found

Question 38

Bias

Answer 38

the tendency to make decisions or to take action in an unknowingly irrational way

Question 39

Representativeness Bias

Answer 39

situation based on previous pattern of experiences (represents the concepts) (occurs when the similarity of objects or events confuses people's thinking regarding the probability of an outcome)

Question 40

Confirmation Bias

Answer 40

the tendency to search, interpret, and recall information in a way that aligns with our pre-existing values, opinions, or beliefs

Question 41

Availability

Answer 41

what is most easily brought to mind (what is most available)

Question 42

Anchoring

Answer 42

initial judgment causes limitation in movement, is the only cognitive bias, initial judgment

Question 43

Hindsight Bias

Answer 43

the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have foreseen/predicted the outcome (when people think they knew what was going to happen after it already happened) (present self says that they would know the outcome all along)

Question 44

Optimism Bias

Answer 44

the tendency of people to believe that they have a lower chance, compared to others, of experiencing a negative event and a higher chance of experiencing a positive event

Question 45

Ostrich Bias

Answer 45

running away from a problem rather than dealing with it, problem can get worse by not facing