Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

transforming information into a form that can be stored in short-term or long-term memory

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

the act of maintaining information in memory (where it [the memory] is put)

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

the act of bringing to mind material that has been stored

Question 4

Echoic Memory

Answer 4

auditory sensory memory (has an echo)

Question 5

Iconic Memory

Answer 5

visual sensory memory (lasts less than a second) (has an i)

Question 6

Free Recall

Answer 6

produce response with no cues (like a short answer/essay)

Question 7

Cued Recall

Answer 7

recieve “hints” in producing a response

Question 8

Recognition

Answer 8

“recognize” information from a list (multiple choice)

Question 9

Episodic Memory

Answer 9

contains memories of personally experienced events (things like first day of school, learning to ride a bike, etc)

Question 10

Procedural Memory

Answer 10

contains skills acquired through repetitive practice, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses (going on “autopilot” for certain activities (like showering, driving, etc)

Question 11

Semantic Memory

Answer 11

general knowledge (a mental encyclopedia or dictionary), things like what you learn in school, any bits of information that is learned

Question 12

Explicit Memory

Answer 12

(declarative) you’re consciously aware of it, subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life experiences

Question 13

Implicit Memory

Answer 13

(nondeclarative) something you’re not consciously aware of (you didn’t call someone stupid, it was just implied), retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 14

Maintenance (rehersal)

Answer 14

(repetition) least effective way to study because it involves shallow processing

Question 15

Elaborative (rehearsal)

Answer 15

an encoding strategy to facilitate the formation of memory by linking new information to what one already knows

Question 16

Deep Processing

Answer 16

a more durable memory trace

Question 17

Shallow Processing

Answer 17

leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid forgetting

Question 18

Spacing Effect (Distributed Practice)

Answer 18

reviewing material over spaced intervals because it is more effective than in mass

Question 19

Working Memory

Answer 19

system of working with current information, focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information and is part of short-term memory

Question 20

Displacement

Answer 20

the event that occurs when short-term memory is holding its maximum and each new item entering short-term memory pushed out an existing item

Question 21

Hierarchies

Answer 21

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Question 22

Chunking

Answer 22

organizing information into familiar manageable units

Question 23

Method of Savings

Answer 23

(relearning) compare the speed/accuracy of original learning to relearning (study for first test vs final test), CAN be measured (original time minus new time)

Question 24

Decay Theory

Answer 24

memory trace fades with time

Question 25

Interference Theory

Answer 25

information competes for retrival

Question 26

Forgetting Curve

Answer 26

shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time unless we take action to keep it there

Question 27

Retroactive Interference

Answer 27

new information interferes with recall of old information (what is being messed with because of modern perspectives)

Question 28

Proactive Interference

Answer 28

when old information interferes with recall of new information

Question 29

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 29

encode information into long-term memory by considering its meaning and associating it with other information already stored in long-term memory

Question 30

Method of loci(locations)

Answer 30

Ideas or things to be remembered are connected to objects located in a familiar location

Question 31

Pegword method

Answer 31

Ideas or things to be remembered are connected to specific words (e.g., one-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, etc.)

Question 32

Rhyming

Answer 32

Information to be remember is arranged in a rhyme (ie. In 1492……)

Question 33

Initial

Answer 33

The first letter of each word in a list is used to make a sentence (the sillier, the better)

Question 34

Acronyms

Answer 34

each letter of the word means something else

Question 35

False Memory

Answer 35

memories constructed from bits of sensory information or cognitive processes that never occurred

Question 36

Deep Processing

Answer 36

Uses examples/visuals to remember things

Question 37

Motivated forgetting

Answer 37

involves the loss of painful memories

Question 38

Encoding Failure

Answer 38

may contribute to information never being encoded from STM to LTM and thus forgotten

Question 39

Retrieval Failure

Answer 39

the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent