Cognition

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

The processing of information over time.

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Answer 5

Sensory memory

Question 6

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Answer 6

Short-term memory

Question 7

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 7

Long-term memory

Question 8

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing if incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and if information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 8

Working memory

Question 9

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” Also called declarative memory.

Answer 9

Explicit memory

Question 10

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Answer 10

Effortful processing

Question 11

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well learned information such as word meaning.

Answer 11

Automatic processing

Question 12

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

Answer 12

Implicit memory

Question 13

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Answer 13

Iconic memory

Question 14

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Answer 14

Echoic memory

Question 15

Conducted memory experiments on himself and created the learning curve.

Answer 15

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 16

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. For example, APPLE instead of PLPAE.

Answer 16

Chunking

Question 17

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices.

Answer 17

Mnemonics

Question 18

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice.

Answer 18

Spacing Effect

Question 19

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 19

Testing Effect

Question 20

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Answer 20

Shallow Processing

Question 21

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention.

Answer 21

Deep Processing

Question 22

A neural center located in the Limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Answer 22

Hippocampus

Question 23

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Answer 23

Flashbulb Memory

Question 24

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Answer 24

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

Question 25

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Answer 25

Recall

Question 26

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

Answer 26

Recognition

Question 27

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Answer 27

Relearning

Question 28

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Answer 28

Priming

Question 29

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Answer 29

Mood-congruent memory

Question 30

Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (primary effect) in a list.

Answer 30

Serial Position Effect

Question 31

An inability to form new memories; sufferers can remember their past after nothing past the trauma.

Answer 31

Anterograde amnesia

Question 32

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Answer 32

Algorithm

Question 33

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier-but also more error-prone.

Answer 33

Heuristic

Question 34

A tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Answer 34

Confirmation Bias

Question 35

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Answer 35

Mental set

Question 36

An effortful, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Answer 36

Intuition

Question 37

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Answer 37

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 38

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common.

Answer 38

Availability Heuristic

Question 39

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Answer 39

Overconfidence

Question 40

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Answer 40

Belief Perseverance

Question 41

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is _____ can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Answer 41

Framing

Question 42

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Answer 42

Language

Question 43

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Answer 43

Phoneme

Question 44

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix.)

Answer 44

Morpheme

Question 45

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Answer 45

Grammar

Question 46

The set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds.

Answer 46

Semantics

Question 47

The set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible words.

Answer 47

Syntax

Question 48

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Answer 48

Babbling Stage

Question 49

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Answer 49

One-word Stage

Question 50

Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Answer 50

Two-word Stage

Question 51

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs.

Answer 51

Telegraphic Speech

Question 52

Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speech) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding.)

Answer 52

Aphasia

Question 53

Controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Answer 53

Broca's Area

Question 54

Controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Answer 54

Wernicke's Area

Question 55

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 55

Cognition

Question 56

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Answer 56

Concept

Question 57

A mental image or best example of a category.

Answer 57

Prototype

Question 58

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Answer 58

Creativity

Question 59

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Answer 59

Convergent thinking

Question 60

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that _____ in different directions.)

Answer 60

Divergent Thinking

Question 61

How long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when it is encoded

Answer 61

Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart’s Levels-of Processing Model

Question 62

The branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch

Answer 62

Haptic Memory

Question 63

Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short-term memory, usually ____ + or - _____

Answer 63

Memory span, 7, 2

Question 64

Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it to prolong its presence in STM , can increase the length of time information can be stored to about thirty seconds

Answer 64

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 65

Long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences

Answer 65

Episodic Memory

Question 66

These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge

Answer 66

Semantic Memory

Question 67

A person has visual images clear enough to be retained for seconds and realistic in their vividness

Answer 67

Eidetic (Photographic) Memory

Question 68

Process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones

Answer 68

Memory Consolidation

Question 69

Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

Answer 69

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Question 70

Memory retrieval and procedural memory (creating & maintaining habits) are run by the _____ ______.

Answer 70

Basal Ganglia

Question 71

The failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded to help trigger the memory

Answer 71

Retrieval Failure "Why we Forget"

Question 72

Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)

Answer 72

Encoding Failure

Question 73

Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Answer 73

Proactive Interference

Question 74

Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

Answer 74

Retroactive Interference

Question 75

Extensive research on memory construction and false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate

Answer 75

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 76

Exposed to misleading information we tend to misremember

Answer 76

Misinformation Effect

Question 77

The inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance

Answer 77

Source Amnesia

Question 78

Involves using the first letters of a list of to-be-learned items to create a meaningful and/or odd sentence

Answer 78

Acrostic

Question 79

Involve making a phonetic link connecting a to-be-learned word with a similar-sounding keyword, and then making an interactive image that links the keyword to the meaning of the to-be-learned word

Answer 79

Keyword Mnemonics

Question 80

Learners identify a keyword (or “name clue”) that is acoustically similar to the name of a person they are trying to remember

Answer 80

Face-Name Mnemonics

Question 81

Mnemonic technique for memorizing lists, An object or image is visualized which holds or 'pegs' the information that needs to be recalled and makes it easier to remember One is a bun Two is a shoe Three is a tree etc.

Answer 81

Peg Word System