Developmental Psychology

Question 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age including physical, cognitive, and social development.

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

The type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time.

Answer 2

Cross-sectional study

Question 3

This study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals.

Answer 3

Longitudinal Study

Question 4

Individuals in a cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time.

Answer 4

Cross sequential study

Question 5

Developmental psychologist, contended that each stage of life has its own psychological task, a crisis that needs a resolution, to become a successful person.

Answer 5

Erik Erikson

Question 6

The first stage of social development. The child wants to know if they can trust the people around them.

Answer 6

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 7

The second stage of social development. Toddlers want to do things for themselves without the aid of others.

Answer 7

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Question 8

The third stage of social development. At the preschool stage children are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their own world through social interactions and play. Kids want to know if they’re good or bad.

Answer 8

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 9

The fourth stage of social development. Children begin to compare themselves to their peers, develop a sense of pride and accomplishment or feeling of inferiority/inadequacy.

Answer 9

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 10

The fifth stage of social development. An adolescent’s main task is developing a sense of self. Teenagers want to know “Who am I?”

Answer 10

*Identity vs. Role Confusion

Question 11

The sixth stage of social development. Adults develop and maintain successful relationships with others. Adults want to know “Will I be loved or will I be alone?”

Answer 11

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 12

The seventh stage of social development. Middle-aged adults begin contributing to the next generation/society or little connection to others. Adults want to know “How can I contribute to the world?”

Answer 12

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 13

The eight/last stage of social development. People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. Those in late adulthood want to know “Did I live a meaningful life?”

Answer 13

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 14

Begins with conception and ends at birth. A full-term pregnancy is typically 38 weeks (about 9 months.)

Answer 14

Prenatal Development

Question 15

The stage of development that occurs from conception until 2 weeks.

Answer 15

Germinal Period “Finding a Place to Live”

Question 16

Specialized organ, sustains the life of the embryo by transferring oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and after the initial months of gestation, secreting hormones that sustain pregnancy.

Answer 16

Placenta

Question 17

The development period from implantation to 8 weeks pregnancy, which the major organ and structures of the organism develop.

Answer 17

Embryonic Period “Organizing Space”

Question 18

The development time period from 9 weeks after conception until the birth of the child.

Answer 18

Fetal Period “Finishing Touches”

Question 19

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant.

Answer 19

Critical Periods

Question 20

Can result from a malfunctioning gene or an environmental stimulus (not hereditary.)

Answer 20

Birth Defects

Question 21

Any non-genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur.

Answer 21

*Teratogen

Question 22

Includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming _____ during pregnancy.

Answer 22

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Question 23

Illegal Drugs:Babies can be born addicted, born prematurely, have low birth weight, and experience other physical defects.

Answer 23

Illegal Drugs during pregnancy

Question 24

These babies are born preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness.

Answer 24

Neonates (The Competent Newborn)

Question 25

Infants have a set of innate (existing from birth) unlearned behavior patterns to help the infants survive. Grasping, rooting, sucking, moro ____, stepping, babinski ____.

Answer 25

Reflex

Question 26

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 26

Maturation

Question 27

The normal timeline of mental and physical growth changes that occur as the entity ages.

Answer 27

Developmental Norms

Question 28

Infant's muscles and nervous system mature, skills emerge. -Raising head and chest (2 to 4 months) -Rolling over (2 to 5 months) -Sitting up with support (4 to 6 months) -Sitting up without support (6 to 7 months) -Crawling (7 to 8 months) -Walking (8 to 18 months)

Answer 28

Six Motor Milestones

Question 29

At birth, most brain cells are present. After birth, neural networks multiply resulting in increased in physical mental abilities. Period of rapid neural growth.

Answer 29

Blooming

Question 30

The difficulty or inability that adults have in remembering detailed or episodic memories (memories in which time, events, and place can be identified) from early childhood, generally prior to age 3 to 4.

Answer 30

Infantile Amnesia

Question 31

Developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Answer 31

Stranger Anxiety

Question 32

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Answer 32

Attachment bond

Question 33

Psychologist that believed children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a result of genetics.

Answer 33

John Bowlby

Question 34

An evolutionary based theory that suggests that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments with primary caregivers in early life as a means to increase their likelihood of survival.

Answer 34

Attachment Theory

Question 35

Theorized that if attachment was important in human survival it may be important in other species.

Answer 35

Konrad Lorenz, critical period

Question 36

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Answer 36

Imprinting

Question 37

A long period in which children form attachments.

Answer 37

Sensitive Period

Question 38

Psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort using infant Rheus monkeys in the 1950s.

Answer 38

*Harry Harlow

Question 39

Physical closeness with a caregiver. Contact and touch are vital to attachment, learning, emotional well-being, and psychological development.

Answer 39

Contact Comfort

Question 40

Psychologist that found that attachment happens through a complex set of interactions between mothers and infants.

Answer 40

Mary Ainsworth

Question 41

When the mother leaves the baby is upset and refuses to be comforted by a stranger. When the mother returns the baby makes an effort to touch the caregiver and returns to playing. The mothers are sensitive and responsive.

Answer 41

Secure Attachment

Question 42

When the caregiver leaves the baby is indifferent. When she returns the baby is indifferent, they may seek contact but then pull away. The mothers are insensitive and unresponsive.

Answer 42

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

Question 43

When the caregiver leaves the baby is very distressed. When the mom returns the baby is ambivalent and resentful of the caregiver. The mothers are engaged in their own activities, puts herself before the baby.

Answer 43

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Question 44

When the caregiver left the baby would rock, hit, and cry. When the caregiver returned they acted strangely and did not appear to know how to attach. The mothers typically had secure attachment and suffered some type of traumatic loss.

Answer 44

Disorganized Attachment

Question 45

The characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with.

Answer 45

Temperament

Question 46

Restrictive parenting style that emphasizes respect for work and effort. This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.

Answer 46

Authoritarian Parenting style

Question 47

Parenting style characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent.

Answer 47

Permisssive Parenting style

Question 48

Parenting style that is child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as firm adherence to schedules and discipline.

Answer 48

*Authoritative Parenting Style

Question 49

Harlow conducted isolation experiments and discovered that monkeys raised in isolation without a real or artificial mother had no preference for either mother (cloth or wire) when afraid. Isolated monkeys withdrew, and rocked back and forth when frightened, lashed out in aggression towards other monkeys when given opportunities to socialize.

Answer 49

Deprivation of Attachment

Question 50

Phenomenon of maltreated children growing up to abuse their own children. Across studies, only about 30 percent of abused children grow up to abusers themselves. Increased risk for health problems, psychological disorders, substance abuse and criminality.

Answer 50

Abuse-Breeds-Abuse Phenomenon

Question 51

Babies raised in institutions without the stimulation and attention of a regular caregiver, or locked away at home under conditions of abuse or extreme neglect are often: -Subject to devastating developmental delays -Problems with higher-level skills

Answer 51

Studies of Orphanage-Reared Infants

Question 52

All the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 52

*Cognitive Development

Question 53

Developmental Psychologist, initially developed children's intelligence tests, focused on differences in thinking between adults and their children.

Answer 53

John Piaget

Question 54

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. An example is cat or dog.

Answer 54

Schema

Question 55

Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. Example, a sheep is fluffy and has a tail, it must be a dog.

Answer 55

Assimilation

Question 56

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Example, just because the man behind me has a beard and is tall looks like dad, does not mean he’s dad.

Answer 56

Accomodation

Question 57

Birth to age 2, infants use their senses and motor abilities to learn about the world around them. (Looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.)

Answer 57

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 58

A child's ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight.

Answer 58

*Object Permanence

Question 59

The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 59

Preoperational Stage

Question 60

Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own.

Answer 60

Egocentrism

Question 61

Refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object. Example, a child focuses on the amount of pieces a kid has and not the size of the pieces.

Answer 61

Centration

Question 62

The belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things. Example, you thought your stuffed animals were sad when you didn't play with them.

Answer 62

Animism

Question 63

The stage (7 to 11) during which a child becomes more logical about concrete and specific tings but still struggle with abstract ideas

Answer 63

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 64

An understanding that actions can be reversed and return to an original state. Example, 4+8=12 so 12-4=8

Answer 64

Reversibility

Question 65

Ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. Example, a kid understands that just because I like to ride my bike doesn't mean everyone else does.

Answer 65

Decentration

Question 66

The final stage of cognitive development from about age 12 into adulthood. At this stage adolescents gain the ability to think hypothetically and abstractly. People in this stage have a greater ability to manipulate information in their head.

Answer 66

Formal Operational Stage

Question 67

Influential Soviet developmental psychologist. Founded Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Scaffolding.

Answer 67

Lev Vygotsky

Question 68

The zone where children can accomplish a task with assistance. Not too easy, not too far above their skill.

Answer 68

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Question 69

Support offered by a parent, teacher, or peer to help guide an individual through their zone of proximal development.

Answer 69

Scaffolding

Question 70

The biological status of being male, female, or intersex.

Answer 70

Sex

Question 71

An X/Y chromosome pair results in a boy, an X/X pair results in a girl.

Answer 71

Characteristics

Question 72

The sociocultural dimension of being male or female. Definitions of masculinity and femininity are determined by one's culture.

Answer 72

Gender

Question 73

The individuals sense (psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations.

Answer 73

Gender Identity

Question 74

Refers to people's sexual interest in and attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses.

Answer 74

Human Sexuality

Question 75

Refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.

Answer 75

Sexual Orientation

Question 76

Set of expectations held by society, about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender.

Answer 76

Gender Roles

Question 77

The process in which children learn gender roles. Occurs through 4 major agents: Family, education, peer groups, and mass media.

Answer 77

Gender Socialization

Question 78

Emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models, attributes gender role development.

Answer 78

Social Learning Theory/Albert Bandura

Question 79

Children develop schemas for being male or female by 9 months, once the schema is in place, children identify themselves as "boy" or "girl" and will notice members of that schema.

Answer 79

Gender Schema Theory

Question 80

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. Starts with the physical beginnings of sexual maturity and ends with the social achievement of independent status.

Answer 80

Adolescence

Question 81

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. ______ follows a surge of hormones, which may intensify moods and changes in behavior.

Answer 81

Puberty

Question 82

First menstrual period for girls (menarche) and boys have the first ejaculatory experience (spermarche.)

Answer 82

Primary Sex Characteristics

Question 83

Body hair, breast development in females, changes in voice and facial hair for boys.

Answer 83

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Question 84

Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections, and becomes more efficient by "rewriting."

Answer 84

Synaptic Pruning

Question 85

Heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability.

Answer 85

Adolescent Egocentrism

Question 86

Attention getting behavior-the attempt to be noticed, visible, and "onstage."

Answer 86

Imaginary Audience

Question 87

An adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability.

Answer 87

Personal Fable

Question 88

Adolescents have not yet experienced an identity crisis (no commitments.)

Answer 88

Identity Diffusion

Question 89

Adolescents have made a commitment but have not experienced an Identity crisis.

Answer 89

Identity Foreclosure

Question 90

State of adolescents who are in the midst of an identity crisis, not ye made clear commitment to an identity.

Answer 90

Identity Moratorium

Question 91

Adolescent has undergone an identity crisis and made a commitment.

Answer 91

Identity Achievement

Question 92

Adolescents have strong needs to be liked and accepted by friends and large peer groups.

Answer 92

Peer Relationships

Question 93

Encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life.

Answer 93

Adulthood

Question 94

Developmental phase that spans between adolescence and adulthood.

Answer 94

Emerging Adulthood

Question 95

In our mid-20's, we reach a peak in the natural physical abilities which come with biological maturation: -Muscular strength -Cardiac Output -Reaction time -Sensory Sensitivity

Answer 95

Physical Development of Early Adulthood

Question 96

For women, reproductive organs begin functioning inconsistently, decline in estrogen, the end of reproduction around the age of 50. Anxiety, poor memory, inability to concentrate, mood swings.

Answer 96

Menopause

Question 97

For the human body is estimated to be about 122 years.

Answer 97

Potential Lifespan

Question 98

Refers to the average expected life span. Worldwide average has increased from 49 to 69.

Answer 98

Life Expectancy

Question 99

An accumulation of stress, damage, and disease wears us down until one of the factors kills us.

Answer 99

Aging

Question 100

Most cells are programmed to die after a fixed number of divisions.

Answer 100

Hayflick Limit

Question 101

(Abilities requiring speed or rapid learning) generally diminishes with age.

Answer 101

Fluid Intelligence

Question 102

(Learning knowledge, skills such as vocabulary) generally improves with age.

Answer 102

Crystallized Intelligence

Question 103

Decreased ability to recall recent events and names of familiar objects and people.

Answer 103

Dementia

Question 104

Loss of brain cells and neural network connections, dramatic shrinking of the brain.

Answer 104

Alzheimer's

Question 105

The timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Answer 105

Social Clock

Question 106

A psychologist that sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong, primarily concerned with justice.

Answer 106

Lawrence Kholberg

Question 107

The lowest level of moral development. Children obey because adults tell them to. Individuals peruse their own interests but let others do the same.

Answer 107

Preconventional Morality

Question 108

Kids abide by the standards of others. Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty for moral judgements. Moral judgements are made by order, law, and justice.

Answer 108

Conventional Morality

Question 109

Highest level of morality, personal moral code. Individuals believe in principles that transcend the law to protect human rights and values. A person has developed their own moral standards.

Answer 109

Postconventional Morality

Question 110

A person's general understanding that the people around them each have their own unique beliefs, perceptions, and desires.

Answer 110

Theory of Mind