Cognition Flashcards
PSY 1
1
Q
cognition
A
how brain works & reacts to info presented to us
2
Q
dual processing theory
A
sound and visuals are used to process & store info
3
Q
information processing model
A
brain doesn’t work like computer
it processes info for decision, emotions, and problem solving
4
Q
Cognitive development
A
Development of the ability to think and solve problems across a lifespan
5
Q
What are the four stages of cognitive development?
A
Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operation
formal operation
6
Q
jean piaget
A
Qualitative differences between the way adults and children think
7
Q
schema
A
a concept, behavior, or a sequence of events
8
Q
what did Piaget say about new information
A
He said that new information is processed through adaptation which comes from two processes: assimilation & accommodation
9
Q
assimilation
A
grouping new info into existing memories (like concept, events)
10
Q
Accommodation
A
Existing schemata (concepts, events) that are modified for new information
11
Q
What is the duration of the sensorimotor stage?
A
birth to 2 years
12
Q
What is circular reactions in sensorimotor stage?
A
When a child manipulates the environment to meet their physical needs
13
Q
What is primary circular reaction and give an example
A
Primary circular reaction is the baby’s understanding of their own body
ex: realizing that sucking thumb is soothing
14
Q
What is secondary circular reaction and give an example
A
it is when the baby finds something in the environment interesting & repeats it
ex: pushing the toy and finding it to move
15
Q
object permanence
A
8-12 months
infant recognizes that object exists
16
Q
representational thoughts
A
18-24 months
ability to think about objects and events that are not physically present.
17
Q
preoperational stage
A
2-7 years
Includes symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration
18
Q
Symbolic thinking in pre operational stage
A
Ability to pretend, play, make believe, and have imagination
19
Q
Ecocentrism in preoperational stage
A
Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
20
Q
Centration in preoperational stage
A
Tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon-inability to understand other aspect of the conversation
21
Q
Concrete operational state
A
7-11 years
Understand others perspective
22
Q
formal operational stage
A
11+ years
think logically about abstract ideas
23
Q
pendulum experiment
A
Children try to identify and isolate which factors (string length. height of release. weight) affect the speed of pendulum
24
Q
What was the result of the pendulum experiment?
A
7-11 concrete stage : Unable to isolate factors and identify which factor is affecting the speed
11+ formal stage: Able to identify and isolated factor is affecting the speed
25
What did Lev Vygotsky proposed?
He proposed that cognitive development of a child is dependent on his culture
26
Name one type of fluid intelligence
Problem solving skills
27
Crystallized intelligence
Use of learned skills and knowledge
28
dementia
Intellectual decline following impaired memory, impaired judgment and confusion
29
Vascular dementia
high blood pressure causes mini-clot in the brain
30
what are some factors that can cause intellectual disabilities?
Infections in the brain
Birth complication
It can be recent syndrome
Genetic diseases
Parenting styles
drug use
31
delirium
Fast fluctuation in cognitive function
could be due to medical reasons and is reversible
32
mental set
tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
33
Functional fixedness
Inability to consider how to use an object in an untypical way
Cannot use an object in a way they have not been taught
34
Availability heuristic
used when people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
You assume your car would be stolen because you just heard the news about it
35
Representative heuristic
You judge according to the stereotype and looks not based on statistics
| Imagine you meet someone who is quiet, wears glasses, and reads a lot of
36
Base Rate Fallacy
Ignoring the general rate of an event and focusing on a particular incident that might be bad
37
Belief perspective/perseverance
Sticking to one's initial belief while rejecting the clear evidences against it
38
Confirmation bias
Seeking out information that confirms our previous biases or beliefs
39
disconfirmation principle
Changing one's previous beliefs based on new contradicting information
40
Intuition
Act on perceptions that is not supported by evidences
41
Recognition Primed decision model
Brain sorts information into a pattern
42
rule of thumb
Rules of thumb are simple, practical guidelines that help in making quick decisions or solving common problems
43
What are the barriers to effective problem solving?
confirmation bias, functional fixedness, mental set, emotional barriers, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, belief perspective, stereotyping, judice
44
What are the approaches to problem solving?
trail & error, heuristic, algorithm,
45
overconfidence
Cognitive bias where individual has excessive beliefs in their own skills
46
What are Howard Gardner's seven types of intelligence?
Linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal & intrapersonal
47
spearman's g factor
Represents general intelligence underlying all cognitive abilities
such as ability to read makes him good in many subjects
48
intelligence quotient
Obtaining a standardized number for the intelligence measure
49
What other factors can vary intellectual abilities?
Parents' expectation, socioeconomic status, nutrition, genes, environment educational experience
50
What are the 3 states of consciousness?
Dreaming, sleep, altered state of consciousness
51
what can cause altered state of consciousness?
Hypnosis, mediation, drug induced, sickness, dementia, delirium & coma
52
What part of the brain is responsible for alertness?
prefrontal cortex
reticular formation: neural structure located in the brain stem
both communicate (loss of this leads to coma)
53
What are the waves found from EEG that correspond to brain activity?
beta
alpha
theta
delta
sawtooth
54
beta wave
When we are awake, alert and doing a mental task
55
alpha wave
Slower waves than beta
awake but relaxing stayed with eyes closed
56
theta wave
stage 1 of sleep : NREM 1
light sleep: feels like didn't sleep at all
slow eye movements
5-10 mins of sleep
irregular + spacious waves
57
stage 1 sleep / NREM 1 / N1
⬆️
58
stage 2 sleep / NREM 2
10-25 min of sleep
59
1️⃣sleep spindles
2️⃣K complexes in stage 2 sleep
1️⃣short bursts
2️⃣large single peak
both do memory solidation, protection from external stimuli
60
stage 3+4 / slow wave sleep (SWS)
delta waves
EEG waves get slower
low freq & high volt waves
hard to wake
cognitive recovery + memory solid
inc growth hormone release
61
NREM sleep
Non-rapid eye movement
All the above four stages
62
REM sleep
paradoxical sleep
sawtooth waves
Spread between the above cycles
Brain is working as if we are awake
Muscles are paralyzed (antonia)
detailed dreams
63
Effects of REM sleep on body
Memory solidation
Creative thinking & problem solving
Less temperature regulation
64
REM sleep disorders
Narcolepsy: excess daytime sleeping, cataplexy
Sleep behavior disorder: weakness, loss of paralysis (moving out of dreams)
65
sleep cycle
One round of the sleep stages
66
Melatonin role in sleep cycle
In darkness (evening & night), pineal gland releases melatonin to induce sleepiness
high during evening & night
67
ACTH role in sleep cycle
(Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Released by anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex then releases cortisol
68
Cortisol role in sleep cycle
steroid hormone
resp for metabolism, immunity
low during sleep times bec body has to rest
high in morning
low at evening & night
69
CRF role in sleep cycle
corticotropin releasing factor
inc light makes CRF release ACTH
70
show pathway of hormones of the daytime
high light ➡️ hypothalamus ➡️CRF ➡️ anterior pituitary➡️ACTH➡️adrenal cortex ➡️cortisol➡️alert !!!
71
show pathway of the hormones for night
dark➡️pineal gland➡️melatonin➡️ sleepiness
72
Where do most dreams occur?
REM sleep
73
activation-synthesis theory
dreams are the result of the brain trying to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during REM
74
Problem-solving dream theory
Suggests that dreams are a way to solve problems because they show us a different perspective
75
Cognitive process dream theory
Dreams are the sleeping part of our conscious while we are awake
76
Neurocognitive models of dreaming
Tries to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming
77
dyssomnias
Difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep
Ex: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
78
insomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep
79
narcolepsy
Drowsiness during the day
Symptoms: cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucination
80
cataplexy
sudden muscle weakness
81
sleep paralysis
unable to move despite being awake
82
hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations
hallucinations when going to sleep or waking up
83
sleep apnea
People wake up to breath
Can't breathe while sleeping
84
2 sleep apneas 1️⃣obstructive2️⃣central
1️⃣ physical blockage in the windpipe
2️⃣ brain fails to send signal to the diaphragm
85
Parasomnia
abnormal movement/behaviors during sleep
Ex: night terrors, sleep walking
86
night terrors
Intense anxiety in stage 4 sleep
87
Sleep walking
during stage 4 sleep
88
sleep deprivation
REM sleep also
89
Hypnosis
A stage in which the person appears to be in control of their actions but is actually following the suggestions of others
90
Hypnotic induction
Subject is relaxed and their conscious is raised
91
Meditation
Relaxing of the mind for some purpose
Resembles stage 1 sleep
92
GABA receptor
inhibitory neurotransmitter
limits excitation
binds to neuron receptor
leads to hyperpolarization
maintains sleep (less levels leads to insomnia)
93
hyperpolarization
less firing of action potential
94
what does alcohol do to GABA and chloride channel
increases GABA receptor activity
Cl ion enters
95
why do people feel happy after alcohol
enhanced GABAa activity
Cl enters neurons
hyperpolarization
person relaxed
96
GABAa receptors
chloride channel
97
alcohol myopia
short-sighted view of the world
98
long-term results of alcohol use
cirrhosis, liver failure, pancreatic damage, gastric/duodenal ulcers, gastrointestinal cancer, brain damage
99
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Plenty of thiamine (vitamin B1)
Severe memory impairment, mental state change, loss of motor skills
100
Name 2 depressants
Alcohols, barbiturates & benzodiazepines
101
barbiturates
has been used historically as anxiolytic & sleep medication
102
anxiolytic
anxiety-reducing
103
what do barbiturate depressants do ?
they are sleep inducing
104
what does amobarbital drug do ?
it is used for short-term insomnia, pre-surgery sedation, & psychiatric evaluations
105
what does phenobarbital drug do?
used as a sedative
Treats epilepsy and severe seizures
106
what are benzodiazepines drugs?
anxiety reducing drugs that have replaced ammo orbital and phenobarbital benzodiazepine
less susceptible to overdose
107
examples of benzodiazepines drug
alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam
108
What do anxiety reducing drugs do to GABA activity?
They increase Gaba activity for relaxation
109
stimulants
inc action potential to increase arousal of nervous system (phy activity)
110
amphetamines in brain
release dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia
111
amphetamines effect on body & life
person becomes active
less sleep & eating
high bp & heart rate
112
similarities and differences between amphetamines and cocaine
🌴Amphetamines decreases the release of neurotransmitters and their uptake
🌴Cocaine decreases the uptake
🌴Both have similar effects
113
Additional properties of cocaine
anesthetic
vasoconstrictive for nose and throat
Can lead to heart attack and strokes
114
Crack
Smoked form of cocaine and is very addictive
115
ecstasy
🌴Similar drug like amphetamines
🌴overwhelming sense of well being and connectedness
116
What opiates and opioids derived from?
Opium Poppy plant
117
opiates
Morphine and codeine
Naturally occurring form of opium
118
opioids
oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin
semisynthetic derivatives of opium
Combined to opioid receptors in PNS and CNS
119
Opioid effects on body
Decreased reaction to pain
Sense of Euphoria
Respiratory suppression from overdose
120
heroin
🌴Morphine substitute
🌴Oxycodone & hydrocodone are its prescription drugs
121
How you doing metabolized and what is used to treat its addiction?
It is metabolized to morphine
Addiction is treated by methadone
122
Hallucinogens
Cause reality distortion & fantasy
Complex interaction between neurotransmitters (serotonin)
123
What do hallucinogens contain?
LSD-lysergic acid diethylamide
mushroom
124
Where does marijuana come from?
Plants of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica
125
What is the main chemical in marijuana?
THC - tetrahydrocannabinol
126
What does marijuana do in the brain?
🌴act at cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors
🌴inhibits GABA
🌴increases dopamine activity
127
Effects of marijuana on the body
eye redness, dry mouth, fatigue, impairment of short-term
memory, increased heart rate, increased appetite & lowered blood pressure
128
category of marijuana
stimulant, depressant, & hallucinogen
129
reward pathway
when we do something enjoyable like drugs), dopamine is released
130
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
where dopamine is produced
131
Nucleus Accumbens
This area receives dopamine and makes us feel good
132
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
🌴a collection of nerve fibers in the brain
🌴facilitate the release of dopamine
🌴connects hypothalamus, VTA, nucleus accumbens, & prefrontal cortex
133
attention
concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment
134
Select attention
Focusing on one stimuli and ignoring all the others
135
Cocktail party phenomenon
Able to hear one's name being called out despite being in a deep conversation with someone else
136
Divided attention
Doing multiple tasks at the same time
137
automatic processing
familiarity with the task so much that not much attention is given to it (while doing it) and the focus is on other tasks
Ex: driving on the everyday route
