Cognition

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Involves integration of information. Produces a perceptual “whole” Guides choice of appropriate behaviors.

Question 2

Default network

Answer 2

Involved in: autobiographical memories, planning future, making moral decisions, daydreaming or mind-wandering

Question 3

Task positive network

Answer 3

Active when performing some tasks

Question 4

When can the default network be disturbed?

Answer 4

Depression
OCD
Schizophrenia
Autism

Question 5

Primary areas of cortical organization

Answer 5

Primary Motor Cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex

Question 6

Association cortex

Answer 6

Unimodal (one sensory modality) and multimodal (across modalities)

Question 7

Unimodal areas

Answer 7

Premotor cortex
Visual association cortex
Auditory association cortex
Somatosensory association cortex

Question 8

Primary sensory cortex gets input from where?

Answer 8

Sense-specific thalami nucleus and other cortical areas

Question 9

Association cortex getting information from where?

Answer 9

Multimodal thalamic nuclei

Question 10

Sensory cortex and association cortex output?

Answer 10

Other cortical areas. Can be cortical-cortical connections or callosal connections. Thalamus and other subcortial structures

Question 11

Where does output from layer 5 go?

Answer 11

To thalamus and other subcorticla structures (basal ganglia, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord)

Question 12

Where does output from layer 6 go?

Answer 12

Thalamus

Question 13

Association cortex function

Answer 13

Integrate input from different modalities, mediate “internal” cognition”, mediate between sensory inputs and appropriate behavioral output

Question 14

Main inputs to the cortex

Answer 14

Thalamus, other cortical regions, brainstem nuclei (modulatory)

Question 15

Main outputs

Answer 15

Cortical regions and to subcortical structures (including feedback to thalamus)

Question 16

Modulatory inputs come from where?

Answer 16

Thalamus and brainstem

Question 17

Which has a higher density of corticocortical connections (primary cortex and association cortex)

Answer 17

Association cortex

Question 18

Parietal cortex

Answer 18

Visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs

Question 19

Limbic cortex

Answer 19

Emotion and memory

Question 20

Temporal cortex

Answer 20

Recognition and object identification, language

Question 21

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

Planning and decision making, working memory

Question 22

Parietal association cortex (nondominant hemisphere)

Answer 22

Attention, visuospatial localization, spatial relationships

Question 23

Parietal association cortex (dominant hemisphere)

Answer 23

Skilled movements, right-left orientation

Question 24

Posterior parietal cortex damage symptoms?

Answer 24

Spatial neglect (nondominant hemisphere)
Motor apraxias (dominant hemisphere)

Question 25

Spatial neglect

Answer 25

Failure to acknowledge half of the world, sensory systems are intact. Occurs in about 1/2 of right hemisphere strokes.

Question 26

How can you test for spatial neglect?

Answer 26

Ask to copy pictures

Question 27

Motor apraxia

Answer 27

Loss of ability to perform skilled motions. | Sensory and motor systems intact

Question 28

Ideomotor apraxia

Answer 28

Involves gestures or the use of tools.

Question 29

How can you test for ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 29

-have patients pantomime use of imaginary tools, imitate the action, use actual tool.

Question 30

What indicates ideomotor apraxia damage?

Answer 30

Use of hand in place of imaginary tool

Question 31

Orofacial apraxia

Answer 31

Inability to make specific facial movements

Question 32

Ideational apraxia

Answer 32

Inability to sequence actions

Question 33

Face neurons

Answer 33

Each neuron responds to particular features. Together they build a unified image

Question 34

Agnosias

Answer 34

Deficits in recognition. Inability to recognize or identify objects even when sensory systems working normally. Damage to several cortical areas can produce agnosia of different types

Question 35

Prosopagnosia

Answer 35

Inability to recognize faces.

Question 36

Visual agnosia

Answer 36

Inability to recognize an object by sight (Recognition by other senses still intact)

Question 37

Astereognosia

Answer 37

Inability to recognize an object by touch alone

Question 38

Cause of prosopagnosia

Answer 38

Bilateral lesion in the inferior temporal cortex

Question 39

Cause of visual agnosia

Answer 39

Damage to unimodal visual cortex

Question 40

Cause of astereognosia

Answer 40

Damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex

Question 41

Associative visual agnosia

Answer 41

Can identify, but not by name

Question 42

Cause of associative visual agnosia

Answer 42

Damage to posterior parietal cortex

Question 43

Finger agnosia

Answer 43

Inability to identify fingers individually.

Question 44

Cause of finger agnosia

Answer 44

Damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex

Question 45

Gerstmann syndrome

Answer 45

Finger agnosia, acalculia, agraphia, right-left confusion

Question 46

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 46

Planning, making decisions, purposeful action, sequencing behaviors over time, selection and exclusion of appropriate behavior, working memory

Question 47

Damage to prefrontal cortex leads to?

Answer 47

-Loss of impulse control -Socially inappropriate behavior -Disordered thought -Inability to plan -Repetition of a behavior Inability to use information to guide behavior

Question 48

Wisconsin card sorting test

Answer 48

Tests ability to be flexible with changing schedules of reinforcement

Question 49

Maturation of cortex

Answer 49

Develops rapidly in the first year of life. Particularly sensitive to damage from stressors in infancy and early childhood

Question 50

What happens to the cortex when it matures?q

Answer 50

Changes in synaptic density, myelination, and gray matter thickness

Question 51

Do changes in the cortex occur uniformly?

Answer 51

No. Roughly a posterior-to-anterior gradient. 1. Sensorimotor 2. Less connected association areas 3. Highly connected prefrontal, posterior parietal last.

Question 52

Which cortex connections mature first?

Answer 52

Local connections

Question 53

Which cortex areas are the first to degenerate?

Answer 53

Last areas to mature