Cognition Chapter 12 (Language)

Question 1

What is the central aspect of language

Answer 1

It’s central aspect is communication

Question 2

What are the 4 things language is important dor

Answer 2

1. Learning (without language there is only conditioning or observational learning)
2. Daily life (social exchange)
3. Culture (human performance and science)
4. Humanity (laws and principles)

Question 3

Is speaking difficult

Answer 3

It seems easy to learn and to speak, but thinking about the message is difficult
Producing vowels is simple (animals can do it)

Question 4

What are the 5 parameters for consonants

Answer 4

Consonants are more or less unique to humans

1. Voicing
2. Nasality
3. Lips
4. Toungemanner
5. Toungeplace

Question 5

What is coarticulation

Answer 5

When your others sounds influence how you pronounce a word

We tend to put more weigh on the last word.

Question 6

Explain the hierachiy of speech (4 aspects)

Answer 6

1. ) phonemes (smallest units of sound that causes a difference in meaning)
2. ) sound
3. ) words
4. ) sentences (English is subject-verb-object language (svo) vs Dutch is subjrct-object-verb (sov) which works unconscious) (word chain grammar)

Question 7

What are the 4 kinds of speech errors

Answer 7

1. Blends (mixing two words together) suggests that multiple words with relatable meanings are activated simultaneously)
2. Exchange errors happen when you switch words in positions or just because of similar syntax (kind of word)
3. Sounds can also be exchanged and switched by accident
4. Substitutions related to form

Question 8

What are the two models if speech errors

Answer 8

1. ) interactive (sound information influences word selection) –> Dell
2. ) serial (word selection is independent of sound) –> Levelt

Question 9

What is lateralization and a wada test

Answer 9

When you temporarily disabled one half of the brain

–> language is in the left hemisphere most of the time (90%)

Question 10

What are the three language areas

Answer 10

1. Broca’s area (production of speech)
2. arcurate fasciculus (connection)
3. Wernickes area (language development)

Question 11

What is Broca’s aphasia

Answer 11

When people have difficulties with grammar and have no function words and struggle with word meaning
They speak in telegram style
They have damage in Broca’s area

Question 12

What is wernickes aphasia

Answer 12

When you have damage to wernickes area
They produce fluid language but doesn’t have meaning
They are not aware of the mistakes

Question 13

What is conduction aphasia

Answer 13

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus (connection)
people have problems with repeating words or sentences
They are able to detect the errors but can’t correct them
They still have good comprehension

Question 14

What is global aphasia

Answer 14

Patients can then just say a few words

Question 15

What is anomic aphasia

Answer 15

Are mainly normal, but have difficulties with some nouns or names
They will see that they are saying wrong and try to describe it

Question 16

What are phonemes

Answer 16

phonemes are the smallest units of sound that causes a difference in meaning, but they are different from letters
sometimes they can be homophones which means same phonemes have different meaning (two/too)

Question 17

What is sound related to lamguage

Answer 17

sound is unrelated to meaning which is one of its design feature
onomatopoeia means that animals actually refer to meaning with sound. (wood/roar)

Question 18

What are words in relation to language

Answer 18

words have meaning, its design feature is semanticity

Their rules are different in each language which is grammar, which is often completely unconscious

Question 19

What are sentences related language

Answer 19

sentences are made out of words
English is subject-verb-object language (svo) vs Dutch is subjrct-object-verb (sov) which works unconscious) (word chain grammar)

Question 20

What is the recursion rule

Answer 20

It means that you can always attach another sentence to a previous one which practically makes sentences infinte.
It shows that language is productive.

Question 21

What 3 things do speech errors show is important in language

Answer 21

1. Meaning
2. Grammar (syntax and lemmas)
3. Sound (phonology)

Question 22

Explain the Dell model in language

Answer 22

It has interactive activation where its build up hierachical
lower levels like meaning and semantics activate lemmas and by that phonemes
The most activated phonemes are selected
Errors are created when there is random noise in the activation of the nodes
the speaking rate is not included in the model

Question 23

Explain the Levelt model in language

Answer 23

It is also build up hierachical
Thinking of an object activates it nonverbally in the semantic system
This activates Lemmas (aspects of the word)
This then activates Phonemes

Question 24

What is global aphasia

Answer 24

when a person has damage to the brain gobally and can only say a few words

Question 25

What is anomic aphasia

Answer 25

When a person has monor damages somewhere in the language areas Here there are major difficultien with some nouns and names which they try to explain. Other than that it is fairly normal

Question 26

What are linguistic universals

Answer 26

Traits that are shared with all languages

Question 27

What are semantics

Answer 27

The meaning of words and morphemes

Question 28

How do you detect a liar

Answer 28

- higher voice pitch - more hesitation and speech error - speaks more slowly - less gesture - less movement - less detailed information

Question 29

What is lexical bias

Answer 29

When a speech error results in a real word with meaning

Question 30

Is there a difference in language between men and women

Answer 30

No, not a significant one