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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Gardener’s Theory of 8 Intelligences

A

linguistics, mathematics, music, visual-spatial, body-kinetics, interpersonal, and interpersonal
all are part of our intelligence

garden of different ideas that blossom into intelligence

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2
Q

Spearman’s general intelligence factor

A

the better we do on standardized tests, the more intelligent we are

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3
Q

Binet’s idea of mental age

A

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

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4
Q

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

intelligence is passed on through families based on heredity and environment

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

bringing new information into already developed schema

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6
Q

Accomodation

A

adjusting information in a schema to better fit the situation
ex: while a cat has 4 legs like a dog, it is a cat instead of a dog

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7
Q

sensorimotor

A

Piaget
birth-2 years
babies manipulate their environment to get a better understanding
ends with object permanence

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8
Q

preoperational

A

Piaget
2-6 years old
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration (being able to only focus on one aspect of something ex: the glass that is tallest will hold the most liquid)

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9
Q

concrete operational

A

Piaget
7-11 years old
logical thought and reasoning, understanding different perspectives

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10
Q

postoperational

A

Piaget
12+ years old
understanding abstract thoughts and problem solving

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11
Q

Heuristics

A

rule of thumb

something that easily comes to mind

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12
Q

available heuristics

A

something that easily comes to mind

hearing about a shark attack, now you think they are more likely

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13
Q

representative heuristics

A

categorizing information based on preconceived pockets of information

ex: woman in scrubs most likely a nurse instead of a surgeon

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14
Q

hindsight bias

A

learning something afterwards and stating that it was what you were thinking of all along

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15
Q

multitasking

A

attending to more than one stimulus/task at a time
impacted by task similarity, difficulty, and practice

ex: easier to perform 2 dissimilar tasks, easier to perform simpler tasks, and easier to perform known tasks

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16
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

turning maladaptive thoughts into ones that are healthy

uses systematic desensitization to gradually and systematically expose the individual to the feared stimulus while actively modifying behavior using coping or relaxation techniques

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17
Q

humanistic therapy

A

empowers individuals toward self-actualization

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18
Q

psychoanalytic/talk therapy

A

uncovers unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shaped behaviors

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19
Q

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

describes 2 routes (central vs peripheral) of persuasion

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20
Q

central route of persuasion

A

deep, meaningful information with well-reasoned argument emphasizing logical content

most effective when people are highly motivated and willing to listen

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21
Q

peripheral route of persuasion

A

superficial information

most effective when people have low motivation and aren’t willing to listen

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22
Q

electroencephalogram

A

EEG

measures brain activity patterns reflective of sleep and waking states

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23
Q

alpha wave

A

awake, relaxed

high frequency, low amplitude

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24
Q

beta wave

A

awake, alert

highest frequency, low amplitude

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25
REM
like you are awake and alert except body paralyzed this is when dreams occur looks like beta waves longest REM cycle occurs in the last sleep cycle, right before you wake up
26
sleep stage 2
``` sleep spindles (bursts of high frequency) and K complex (increase in wavelength) mostly theta waves ``` increased relaxation
27
sleep stage 1
alpha (low frequency) beginning of stage 1 theta waves (even lower frequency) light sleep fleeting thoughts hallucinations muscle twitches heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and body temperature drop
28
stages 3 and 4 sleep
delta waves deep sleep slow wave sleep low frequency, high amplitude associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation increased growth hormone released
29
activation-synthesis theory
Hobson's way to make sense of dreams dreaming is caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry that our brain attempts to make sense of
30
problem-solving dream theory
dreams are a way to solve problems while you sleep
31
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are just thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur while we are sleeping just normal stream of consciousness stuff
32
neurocognitive models of dreaming
puts together biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming
33
dyssomnias
disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep most likely to occur in adulthood include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
34
parasomnias
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep most likely to occur during childhood include night terrors and sleepwalking
35
narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep cataplexy: loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion fo REM sleep during waking hours, usually emotionally triggered
36
hypnagogic halluciations
hallucinations when going to bed hypnaGogic = Going to bed
37
hypnopompic hallucinations
hallucinations when waking up hypnaPompic = Popping out of bed
38
When is the longest REM period?
the last sleep cycle of the night, right before you wake up
39
What happens to heart rate as you sleep
drops from stage 1 to 4 will increase during REM same goes for respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature
40
What occurs physiologically during REM sleep?
heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure increase or become irregular body temperature drops to its lowest point
41
Behaviorist/Learning Perspective of Language
learning through operant conditions language imitation and practice Skinner children learn through reinforcement doesn't explain why children can produce words they've never heard before
42
nativist perspective of language
Noam Chomsky innate and biologically determined language acquisition occurs during critical period in development - early in age all children have a language acquisition device (aka universal grammar) that allowed them to learn language
43
interactionist perspective of language
biologically and socially driven Vygotsky children desire to communicate with adults - drive to learn language
44
universalism theory
cognition controls language
45
Piaget theory
cognition influences language
46
Vygotsky theory
cognition and language develop independently as a product of social interaction believes that cognition is a product of socialization language arises out of necessity for social communication
47
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language shapes cognition speakers of different languages utilize different cognitive processes that influence how they think language shapes how we experience the world
48
linguistic relativity perspective
part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | language influences cognition
49
linguistic determinism
part of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis language controls cognition without language there is no thought
50
What is the critical period of language development?
under the age of 12 if when language learning should really take effect for it to make the most impact and be the easiest to learn usually starts declining around the age of 8
51
auditory cortex
processing of auditory information
52
Broca area
language production located in the frontal lobe
53
Wernicke area
language comprehension located in the temporal lobe by auditory cortex
54
primary visual cortex
located in occipital lobe | processes visual input
55
somatosensory cortex
located in parietal lobe primarily responsible for integrating sensory information about the body like where the limbs are located or touch sensation
56
pineal gland
releases melatonin | light dependent process
57
what happens to cortisol levels during sleep
peaks after waking up | lowest just before sleep
58
suprachiasmatic nucleus
within the hypothalamus regulates circadian pacemaker photoreceptors in retina project information on light levels which the suprachiasmatic nucleus uses to determine meltatonin secretion from pineal gland
59
What happens to the body in low light?
the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives low light from photoreceptors this will signal pineal gland to secrete melatonin which helps us sleep
60
delta waves
deep sleep
61
theta waves
drowsiness, right after you fall asleep
62
sleep spindles
show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves) inhibit certain perceptions so maintain tranquil state during sleep. Can sleep through loud noises quick burst of high frequency
63
K complexes
show up in stage 2 of sleep (theta waves) suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep increased wavelengths
64
semantic network
concepts organized in mind with connected ideas
65
intelligence
mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations - uses numerical score to measure aptitude
66
fluid intelligence
reasons quickly and abstractly | tends to decrease with age
67
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills | increases or stays constant into adulthood
68
three main types of intelligence
analytical (academics) creative (generate novel ideas and adapt) practical (solve ill defined problems)
69
fixed mindset
believes intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
70
growth mindset
intelligence is changeable if you learn more these people tend to accomplish more
71
Jung's theory on dreams
common things in dreams have similar meanings agreed with Freud that dreams are unconscious forces in psyche looked forward - wondering where dreams might be leading and how they can reveal future development suggests deeper meaning to dreams we don't always have to interpret or understanding dreams
72
reticular formation
set of connected nuclei in the brain stem that are responsible for regulating arousal and sleep wake transitions
73
Theory of Universal Grammar
all languages are alike in structural foundation and because of common grammar rules and patterns, we can learn to speak without formal instruction
74
shadowing
cognitive test in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word while there are other stimuli playing in the background
75
difference between ignoring and repressing?
ignoring is a conscious, controlled process repressing is a Freudian concept where you prevent unacceptable information from entering your brain. Used as a defense mechanism to prevent anxiety
76
IQ scoring
the average is 100 with 68% of the population falling between 85 - 115 because the standard deviation is 15
77
reticular activating system
part of the CNS that is activated in stressful situations diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem that connect to the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum mediates consciousness

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (12 decks)

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