Cognition, Consciousness, and Language

Question 1

Which EEG waves and features are present when you’re awake

Answer 1

Beta and alpha waves

Able to perceive, process, access, and express information

Question 2

Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 1

Answer 2

Theta waves

Light sleep

Question 3

Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 2

Answer 3

Theta waves

Sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 4

Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 3/4

Answer 4

Delta waves

Slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory, consolidation, some sleep disorders

Question 5

Which EEG waves and features are present during REM

Answer 5

Mostly beta

Appears aware physiologically, teams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

Question 6

What are dyssomnias and what are some examples

Answer 6

Sleep disorders affecting the amount or timing or sleep

Examples: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

Question 7

What are parasomnias and what are some examples

Answer 7

Sleep disorders concerning odd behaviors during sleep

Examples: night terrors and sleep walking (somnambulism)

Question 8

What is drug addiction mediated by

Answer 8

The mesolimbic pathway

Question 9

What is part of the mesolimbic pathway

Answer 9

Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area

Question 10

Examples and function of depressants

Answer 10

Sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

Examples: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Question 11

Examples and function of stimulants

Answer 11

Increased arousal

Examples: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

Question 12

Examples and function of opiates/opiods

Answer 12

Decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

Examples: heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

Question 13

Examples and function of hallucinogens

Answer 13

Distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection

Examples: LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms

Question 14

What is procedural memory

Answer 14

Skils, tasks

Question 15

What is declarative memory

Answer 15

Facts, events

Question 16

What is episodic memory

Answer 16

Events, experiences

Question 17

What is semantic memory

Answer 17

Facts, concepts

Question 18

What is explicit memory

Answer 18

Conscious memory

Question 19

What is implicit memory

Answer 19

Unconscious memory

Question 20

What is encoding

Answer 20

The process of putting new information into memory

Question 21

How do we retrieve information

Answer 21

Based on priming interconnected notes of the semantic netowrk

Question 22

What is stronger, recognition of information or recall of information

Answer 22

Recognition

Question 23

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 23

1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage

Question 25

What are the characteristics of the preoperational stage

Answer 25

Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels), and contraption (focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon)

Question 26

What are the characteristics of the concrete operational stage

Answer 26

Focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage

Answer 27

Focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

Question 28

What are examples of problem solving techniques

Answer 28

Trial and error, algorithms, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning

Question 29

What are heuristics

Answer 29

Simplified principles used to make decisions, "rules of thumb"

Question 30

What is selective attention

Answer 30

Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background

Question 31

What is divided attention

Answer 31

Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

Question 32

What is Wernicke's area

Answer 32

Language comprehension; damage results in Wernicke's aphasia (fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension)

Question 33

What is Broca's area

Answer 33

Motor function of speech; damage results in Broca's aphasia (confluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort

Question 34

What is arcuate fasciculus

Answer 34

Connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas. Damage results in conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)