Cognition/Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

the processing of information into the memory system

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 5

short term memory

Answer 5

the type of memory that stores few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten

Question 6

long term memory

Answer 6

the type of memory that (relatively) permanently stores items - seemingly limitless

Question 7

working memory

Answer 7

the updated view of the short term memory - type of memory that stores few items briefly as well as a processing area where the brain makes sense of new input and links it with long term memories

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

type of memory that aids the performance with types of tasks without conscious awareness of previous experiences

Question 9

iconic memory

Answer 9

type of sensory memory of visual stimuli, a vivid image lasting only a few seconds

Question 10

echoic memory

Answer 10

type of sensory memory of auditory stimuli, a sound memory lasting only a few seconds (auditory version of iconic memory)

Question 11

explicit memory

Answer 11

memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 12

implicit memory

Answer 12

memories made and remembered without conscious recollection

Question 13

automatic processing

Answer 13

effortless and unconscious encoding of information such as space, time, and frequency

Question 14

effortful processing

Answer 14

encoding that requires effort and thought

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

a type of mnemonic device - organizing items into familiar, manageable groups, often occurs automatically

Question 16

mnemonics

Answer 16

memory aids that often use vivid imagery and organizational devices to help people remember

Question 17

hierarchies

Answer 17

a system of organization where people/groups are ranked one above the other

Question 18

spacing effect

Answer 18

the tendency for prolonged and spaced out periods of practice/study to yield better results than massed practice/study

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

the tendency for retrieval of information (testing) to yield better long term retention than just rereading

Question 20

shallow processing

Answer 20

the basic level of encoding based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 21

deep processing

Answer 21

encoding on a deeper level based on the meaning of a word - often yields the best retention

Question 22

flashbulb memories

Answer 22

a clear, vivid, memory of an emotionally significant moment

Question 23

recall

Answer 23

measure of memory where one must retrieve information learned earlier (write in question)

Question 24

recognition

Answer 24

measure of memory where one must only identify items perviously learned (multiple choice question)

Question 25

mood congruent memory

Answer 25

the tendency to remember memories that correlate with ones current mood

Question 26

serial position effect

Answer 26

our tendency to best recall things we learned last (recency effect) or first (primacy effect)

Question 27

anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

an inability to form new memories

Question 28

retrograde amnesia

Answer 28

an inability to retrieve information form ones past

Question 29

proactive inference

Answer 29

prior learning getting in the way of recalling new information

Question 30

retroactive interference

Answer 30

new learning interfering with the recall of old information