Cognition: Perception & Memory (14) EXAM 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The integration and interpretation of sensation into meaningful information
A
Perception
2
Q
T or F, for a deficit in perception, basic sensation must not be in tact?
A
FALSE, basic sensation must be intact
3
Q
Are most perceptual deficits associated with the right or left hemisphere?
A
Right hemisphere
4
Q
Agnosia
A
Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities
5
Q
Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities
A
Agnosia
6
Q
Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis
A
Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone
7
Q
If someone has tactile agnosia/astereognosis, they have a lesion in:
A
R Parietal-temporal-occipital association area (PTO)
8
Q
Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone
A
Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis
9
Q
Visual Object Agnosia
A
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
10
Q
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
A
Visual Object Agnosia
11
Q
What agnosia involves someone having the ability to describe the shape and size of object, but not be able to identify the objects visually?
A
Visual Object Agnosia
12
Q
If someone has visual object agnosia, where is the lesion?
A
Right PTO (Parietal temporal occipital association area
13
Q
Visual Object Agnosia
A
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
14
Q
Auditory Agnosia
A
Can hear sounds but not recognize them
15
Q
Can hear sounds but not recognize them?
A
Auditory Agnosia
16
Q
Auditory Agnosia: R Lesion
A
Interferes w interpretation of environmental sounds
ex: hear and describe doorbell but not recognize what it is
17
Q
Auditory Agnosia is a lesion where?
A
R PTO
18
Q
Auditory Agnosia: L lesion
A
Unable to understand speech (Wernicke’s Area)
19
Q
What is the only type of agnosia that is caused by a lesion of the L PTO?
A
Alexia
20
Q
Alexia:
A
Inability to comprehend written language
21
Q
Inability to comprehend written language:
A
Alexia
22
Q
Anosognosia:
A
Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight
(someone thinks they can climb ladder or clap and they can’t)
23
Q
Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight
A
Anosognosia
24
Q
Lesion where causes Anosognosia?
A
R PTO
25
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)
26
Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)
Prosopagnosia
27
Lesion where causes Prosopagnosia?
R PTO
28
Unilateral Neglect:
Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion
29
Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion
Unilateral neglect
30
What is the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist?
Unilateral Neglect
31
Other names for unilateral neglect?
Hemi-inattention, hemi-spatial neglect, left-neglect
32
Unilateral neglect is due to a lesion where? (Hemisphere and specific area)
Right hemisphere, R PTO area
33
Unilateral neglect usually occurs with what other deficit?
Visual field deficit
34
The ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eye
Visual perception
35
The ability to perceive or otherwise react to the size, distance, or depth aspects of the environment
Spatial perception
36
Schema's comprehend spatial relationships; there are schemas for:
```
The body (mental representation of how body is arranged)
The body in relation to its surroundings
The external world
```
37
Visuoperceptual abilities
Form discrimination
| Figure ground discrimination
38
Visuospatial Abilities
Spatial relations
| Topographical orientation
39
Body schema
Body schema awareness
Right/left discrimination
Finger agnosia
40
Form Discrimination
The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects
41
If a child is having problems distinguishing between similar geometric shapes such as a square, rectangle and diamond, letters such as m and n or words such as hose, horse and house they have what?
Problem with form discrimination
42
Figure ground
The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects
43
The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects
Figure ground
44
The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects
Form Discrimination
45
Two types of visuoperceptual abilities:
1. Form discrimination
| 2. Figure ground
46
Two types of visuospatial abilities:
1. Spatial relations
| 2. Topographical orientation
47
Spatial relations
Relating objects to each other or self
48
Determine the location of objects and settings and route to the location
Topographical orientation
49
If you have impaired recall and can't find your way to a very familiar place you might have:
Topographic disorientation
50
Finger agnosia
Impaired ability to identify the fingers of one's own and/or those of another person
51
Adult-Onset Apraxia
Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis
52
Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis
Adult-Onset Apraxia
53
Adult-Onset Apraxia is due to damage in what area?
Frontal Lobe - Left premotor and supplementary motor area
54
Constructional Apraxia
Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole
55
Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole
Constructional Apraxia
56
Inability to draw and arrange objects correctly in space
Constructional apraxia
57
Constructional apraxia is due to damage where?
Right PTO
58
Dressing Apraxia
Inability to dress oneself
59
Inability to dress oneself
Dressing apraxia
60
Types of Limb Apraxia (3):
1. Ideomotor
2. Ideational
3. Conceptual
61
Inability to carry out a motor command (such as touch nose)
Ideomotor (part of limb apraxia)
62
Inability to create a plan for a specific movement, difficulty sequencing (put toothpaste on toothbrush and put away)
Ideational (part of limb apraxia)
63
Difficulty using tools
Conceptual (part of limb apraxia)
64
In general, Apraxia's are on the ____ and Agnosia's are on the _____
Apraxia on L (except construction)
| Agnosia on R (except Alexia)
65
What is perception stored that can be brought forward?
Memory
66
For something to become a memory it must beL
Registered/encoded
Stored
Consolidated
Retrieved
67
Which type of memory maintains goal-relevant information for a short time?
Working memory
68
Which type of memory is discrete information, depends on conscious reflection and cognitive processes, and requires attention during recall?
Declarative (Explicit)
69
Types of declarative memory:
Semantic
| Episodic
70
What type of memory deals with facts independent of context? (part of which category)
Semantic
| Part of declarative (explicit)
71
What type of memory deals with info specific to context? (part of which category?)
Episodic
| Part of declarative (explicit)
72
Which type of memory involves the recall of skills and habits (motor memory)? (like getting on a bike and riding it after having not done it in a long time)
Procedural (implicit)
73
Which type of memory is visual, auditory memory and lasts 1-2 seconds?
Immediate memory
74
Which type of memory is a brief storage of stimuli that has been registered and perceived?
Short-term memory
75
Which type of memory is lost after a few minutes unless material is continuously rehearsed?
Short-term memory
76
Which type of memory can hold about 7 (+ or -) 2 chunks of information?
Short-term memory
77
Which type of memory is relatively permanent storage of info processed in ST memory?
Long-term memory
78
Which type of memory involves consolidation: conversion of STM to LTM?
Long-term memory
79
Which type of memory holds a large capacity?
Long-term memory
80
Amnesia
Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory (not procedural memory though)
81
Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory
Amnesia
82
Retrograde amnesia:
Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma
83
Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma
Retrograde amnesia
84
Anterograde amnesia:
Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury
85
Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury
Anterograde amnesia
86
Which disorder is caused by deficiency in Thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
Korsakov's syndrome
87
Which disorder causes damage to medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus?
Korsakov's syndrome
88
What type of disorder is seen in chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition?
Korsakov's syndrome
89
Korsakov's syndrome causes damage to what anatomical structures?
Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
90
Symptoms of Korsakov's syndrome:
Anterograde amnesia
| Confabulation
91
Confabulation
Creation of false memories (not delusion or lying)
92
What disorder is age-related progressive, irreversible and a brain disorder consisting of memory loss, confusion and disorientation?
Alzheimer's Disease
93
When do Alzheimer's symptoms usually begin?
After 65, with risk increasing with age
94
T or F: Alzheimer's is a normal part of aging?
FALSE, it it NOT a normal part of aging
95
T or F: Alzheimer's can only be late-onset?
FALSE, Alzheimer's can be late or early-onset!
96
T or F: There is no specific test to confirm an AD diagnosis?
True
97
Course of Alzheimer's Disease (steps of degeneration):
Signs of forgetfulness --> Inability to recall words --> failure to produce and comprehend language--> get lost easily --> neglect to dress, groom or feed themselves
98
Course of Alzheimer's:
Motion blindness: inability to interpret the flow of visual information (wander and become lost)
99
Uncontrollable emotional outbursts occurs when in the course of Alzheimer's?
Toward the end of progression
100
Tau (a protein) does what in a normal neuron?
Forms part of the microtubule support/transport system
101
In Alzheimer's, what happens to Tau?
It is abnormal and twists into tangles (not pinning down filaments in transport system)
102
What does the tau dysfunction cause to happen in Alzheimer's?
Loss of transport system--> neurons cannot function typically and eventually die off
103
Neuritic (Beta-Amyloid) Plaques:
Extracellular deposits of amyloid builds up between neurons
104
What does a healthy brain do with the Neuritic plaques?
Breaks them down and eliminates them
105
What happens to a person with Alzheimer's in regard to Neuritic plaques:
Fragments accumulate, forming hard, insoluble plaques and interfering with communication (triggers an immune response)
106
What does the loss of connections between neurons responsible for learning and memory cause to happen in a person with Alzheimer's?
1. Cortical atrophy (shrinkage) due to cell death
| 2. Degeneration of: cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
107
Why are there enlarged ventricles in Alzheimer's?
Due to cortical atrophy
