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OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 > Reflexes, Spinal Cord, SCI (10) EXAM 3 Material > Flashcards

Reflexes, Spinal Cord, SCI (10) EXAM 3 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Ordinary skeletal muscle fibers

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2
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Muscle spindle

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3
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

lies in the junction of the muscle and tendon

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4
Q

Muscle spindle

A

lies parallel to muscle

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5
Q

What does the muscle spindle do?

A

Provides information on length and rate of length change in muscle
(stretching and how fast)

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6
Q

What type of afferents does the muscle spindle contain?

A

Ia and II afferents

Ia is faster than II

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7
Q

Where does the muscle spindle send information to?

A

Brain and SC (via DCML tract)

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8
Q

What information does the golgi tendon provide?

A

Information regarding muscle contraction

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9
Q

What type of afferents does the golgi tendon organ contain?

A

Ib afferents AND gamma motor neurons

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10
Q

Where does the golgi tendon send information to?

A

Brain and SC (via DCML tract)

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11
Q

Two types of LMNs:

A
  1. Alpha

2. Gamma

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12
Q

How can the alpha motor neurons be stimulated?

A

Ia afferents: from muscle spindle
Ib afferents: from golgi tendon organ (GTO)
UMNs from the brain and/or brainstem

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13
Q

What is the golgi tendon organ sensitive to?

A

Contraction of muscle and muscle tension

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14
Q

T or F: There is motor neuron innervation in the golgi tendon organ?

A

False, no alpha motor neuron innervation

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15
Q

What does stretching the golgi tendon organ cause to happen?

A

Straightens collagen fibers, squeezing and distorting the Ib axons, triggering an action potential

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16
Q

What afferents are firing when a muscle is stretched?

A

Ia and II (muscle spindle)

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17
Q

What afferents are firing when a muscle length is shortened?

A

Ib (golgi tendon organ)

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18
Q

What is the smallest behavioral unit controlled by the NS?

A

Reflexes

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19
Q

What is involuntary and relatively stereotypical?

A

Reflexes

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20
Q

What varies in location of stimulus and strength of stimulus?

A

Reflexes

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21
Q

For a reflex to occur, there must be:

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Afferent (sensory)
  3. Efferent (motor)
  4. Connection between afferent and efferent
  5. Muscles (can’t be damaged)
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22
Q

Can reflexes operate without UMN input?

A

Yes, BUT signals from UMNs typically influence reflexes.

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23
Q

Myotatic Stretch Reflex: Monosynaptic or Dysynaptic?

A

Monosynaptic (one synapse between sensory and motor (alpha) neurons

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24
Q

Myotatic Stretch Reflex: Ia directly excites what motor neurons? And to what muscle (antagonist or agonist)?

A

Alpha motor neurons
Agonist muscle
(Causes contraction)

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25
Myotatic Stretch Reflex: Ia causes inhibition of which muscle (agonist or antagonist)?
Antagonist
26
Myotatic Stretch Reflex: Ia causes inhibition of the antagonist muscle through what?
Inhibitory interneuron
27
Inverse Myotatic Reflex is done through what organ?
Golgi Tendon Organ
28
Inverse Myotatic reflex: Monosynaptic or Disynaptic?
Disynaptic
29
Inverse Myotatic Reflex: Golgi Tendon Organ is most sensitive to what? Causes what to fire?
Muscle contraction, causing Ib to fire
30
Inverse Myotatic Reflex: What inhibits the agonist muscle and through what?
Ib inhibits the agonist muscle through an inhibitory interneuron
31
Inverse Myotatic Reflex: What excites the antagonist muscle and through what?
Ib excites the antagonist muscle through an excitatory interneuron.
32
Cutaneous Reflexes are:
Polysynaptic, with interneurons in the reflex arc
33
In cutaneous reflex, there is:
1. Flexor withdrawal | 2. Crossed extension
34
What is a cutaneous reflex caused by?
Cutaneous stimulation
35
A lesion in the spinal region may interfere with the following:
1. Segmental function | 2. Vertical Tract Function
36
Spinal Region Injury: Segmental Function
Interfere with function only at the level of the lesion
37
Spinal Region Injury: Vertical Tract Function
Result in loss of function below the level of the lesion
38
Segmental lesions at spinal cord interferes with function where?
Only at the level of the lesion
39
Dermatome
Specific area of skin innervated by a single dorsal root
40
Myotome
Specific muscle or muscle group innervated by a single ventral root
41
Lesion to Dorsal Root of C5- | Sensory:
Loss, atypical
42
Lesion to Dorsal Root of C5- | Motor:
Fine
43
Lesion to Dorsal Root of C5- | Reflexes:
Areflexia
44
Lesion to Dorsal Root of C5- | Below the level of the lesion:
Fine, didnt impact tracts going up and down
45
Lesion to LMNs at C5- | Sensory:
Fine
46
Lesion to LMNs at C5- | Motor:
Weakness (if some) | Paralysis (if all)
47
Lesion to LMNs at C5- | Reflexes:
Areflexia
48
Lesion to LMNs at C5- | Below the level of the lesion:
Only have effect at specific segment
49
Lesion to C5 nerve- | Myotome effect
Paralysis of C5 myotome (elbow flexors)
50
Lesion to C5 nerve- | Dermatome effect
Loss of all sensory information from C5 dermatome
51
Vertical Tract Lesions: Loss of communication where?
To and/or from the spinal levels BELOW the lesion
52
Vertical Tract Lesion: Signs of damage occur where?
BELOW the level of the lesion
53
Vertical Tract Lesions- | Motor signs:
UMN signs (hyper-reflexia, hypertonia, paralysis)
54
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Segmental Loss where?
AT level of lesion
55
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Segmental Loss, Motor (C5):
Loss of elbow flexors
56
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Segmental Loss, Sensory (C5)
Loss of dermatome
57
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Segmental Loss, Reflexes (C5)
Areflexia
58
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Vertical Tract Loss where? (C5)
BELOW level of lesion
59
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Vertical Tract Loss, Sensory? (C5)
STT --> contralateral and below | DCML --> ipsilateral and below
60
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Vertical Tract Loss, Reflexes?(C5)
Hyperflexia (same side)
61
Brown Sequard Syndrome: Vertical Tract Loss, Motor?(C5)
Paralysis Ipsilateral and below
62
Immediately after spinal cord injury: Bleeding
Bleeding into injured areas leads to swelling, which compresses and damages axons
63
Immediately after spinal cord injury: Release of free...
Release of free radicals break up cell membranes
64
Immediately after spinal cord injury: What invades the site and damages the tissue?
Macrophages
65
Immediately after spinal cord injury: What forms scar tissue?
Astrocytes
66
Astrocytes do what in a spinal cord injury immediately after injury?
Form scar tissue
67
Immediately after spinal cord injury: Spinal Shock
Cord functions below lesion are lost or depressed
68
Areflexia (no reflxes) happens where Immediately after spinal cord injury?
(somatic and autonomic) at and below level of injury
69
Within weeks or months after a spinal cord injury:
Most people experience some recovery of function in the cord
70
Within weeks or months after a spinal cord injury: Muscle tone changes to
hypertonicity and hyperactive reflexes (below the level of the lesion)
71
Within weeks or months after a spinal cord injury: Are there sensory, motor and autonomic impairments? If so, where?
Yes, below the level of the lesion
72
Within weeks or months after a spinal cord injury: does the neurologic deficit change or stay the same?
Once the lesion is stable (no more bleeding, etc) the neurologic deficit does not change
73
Tetraplegia:
Loss or impairment in motor and/or sensory function in the cervical segments of the spinal cord resulting in functional impairment in the arms, trunk, legs and pelvic organs
74
Paraplegia:
Loss or impairment in motor and/or sensory function in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral segments of the cord resulting in impairment in the trunk, legs and pelvic organs and SPARING of the ARMS
75
Loss or impairment in motor and/or sensory function in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral segments of the cord resulting in impairment in the trunk, legs and pelvic organs and SPARING of the ARMS
Paraplegia
76
Loss or impairment in motor and/or sensory function in the cervical segments of the spinal cord resulting in functional impairment in the arms, trunk, legs and pelvic organs
Tetraplegia
77
Spinal cord injuries are classified by two criteria:
1. Whether the injury is complete or incomplete | 2. The neurological level of injury
78
Complete SC injury:
A total lack of sensory and motor function in the lowest sacral segment
79
A total lack of sensory and motor function in the lowest sacral segment
Complete SC Injury
80
Incomplete SC Injury:
Preservation of sensory and/or motor function in the lowest sacral segment
81
Preservation of sensory and/or motor function in the lowest sacral segment
Incomplete SC Injury
82
What is the term used by OTs and PTs; the lowest segment at which strength of key muscles is grade 3+ of 5 or above on manual muscle testing and pain sensation is intact?
Functional level
83
Neurologic Level:
The most caudal point on the spinal cord with typical sensory and motor function bilaterally.
84
The most caudal point on the spinal cord with typical sensory and motor function bilaterally.
Neurologic Level
85
Is it unusual to have a discrepancy between the lowest typical motor level and the lowest typical sensory level?
No, it is not unusual.
86
What determines sensory level?
Dermatomes
87
Key muscles controlled at: C5 | What are they important for?
Biceps and Deltoid | Important in eating, facial care, brushing teeth
88
Key muscles controlled at: C6 | What are they important for?
Wrist extensors | Grasp / Tenodesis
89
Key muscles controlled at: C7 | What are they important for?
Elbow extensors | Transferring from chair to wheelchair
90
Key muscles controlled at: C8-T1 | What are they important for?
Finger flexors and finger abductors | Grasp
91
SCI Prognosis:
Hard to predict (variable)
92
SCI Prognosis: Axons
Axons in spinal cord fo not functionally regenerate

OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 (11 decks)

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