Cognitive

Question 1

What are the characteristics of the three memory stores?

Answer 1

Duration, Capacity, Encoding

SM = Sensory Memory, STM = Short-Term Memory, LTM = Long-Term Memory.

Question 2

What is the duration of Sensory Memory (SM)?

Answer 2

Very brief.

Question 3

What is the duration of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 3

Up to 30 seconds.

Question 4

What is the duration of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 4

Up to a lifetime.

Question 5

What is the capacity of Sensory Memory (SM)?

Answer 5

Very high.

Question 6

What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 6

7 ± 2 items.

Question 7

What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 7

Unlimited.

Question 8

What is the encoding method for Sensory Memory (SM)?

Answer 8

Sense-dependent.

Question 9

What is the encoding method for Short-Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 9

Acoustic.

Question 10

What is the encoding method for Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 10

Semantic.

Question 11

Define free recall in memory retrieval.

Answer 11

Retrieve from memory with no ‘help.’

Question 12

Define cued recall in memory retrieval.

Answer 12

Retrieve from memory with help from a cue.

Question 13

What is recognition in the context of memory?

Answer 13

Remembering something when we’ve encountered it before.

Question 14

What are cues in memory?

Answer 14

Triggers to assist memory, either meaningful or meaningless.

Question 15

What is reconstructive memory?

Answer 15

Memories reconstructed from fragments into a meaningful whole.

Question 16

What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

Answer 16

Mental package of knowledge.

Question 17

What are the three processes involved in schema?

Answer 17

• Shortening
• Rationalisation
• Confabulation

Question 18

What is cognitive priming?

Answer 18

Experience of one stimulus affects response to a later stimulus.

Question 19

What are the types of cognitive priming?

Answer 19

• Repetition
• Semantic
• Associative

Question 20

What are cognitive scripts?

Answer 20

Knowledge of how social situations play out.

Question 21

What is person perception?

Answer 21

How we categorise individuals into ‘types.’

Question 22

What is fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

Answer 22

Explaining others’ behavior due to personality, not situation.

Question 23

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 23

Noticing, storing, recalling information that confirms existing beliefs.

Question 24

What is hostile attribution bias (HAB)?

Answer 24

Neutral behavior seen as threatening, leading to aggressive response.

Question 25

How can STM capacity be increased?

Answer 25

Through chunking.

Question 26

What research supports STM duration?

Answer 26

Peterson and Peterson (1959).

Question 27

What research supports LTM duration?

Answer 27

Bahrick et al. (1975).

Question 28

What is a practical application of mnemonics?

Answer 28

Based on cues to trigger recall.

Question 29

What research supports the use of cues to improve recall?

Answer 29

Tulving and Pearlstone (1966).

Question 30

What are context cues?

Answer 30

Environmental cues that may not be as powerful as meaningful cues.

Question 31

What does research show about eyewitness accuracy?

Answer 31

Influenced by schema.

Question 32

What is the War of the Ghosts study about?

Answer 32

Changed memories aligned with schema (Bartlett 1932).

Question 33

What kind of memories are often accurate?

Answer 33

Personally important or distinctive details.

Question 34

What practical application can help prevent the influence of TV snack adverts?

Answer 34

Promote healthy eating to prevent obesity.

Question 35

What research shows a link between video games and aggressive scripts?

Answer 35

Möller and Krahé (2009).

Question 36

What is a criticism of priming studies?

Answer 36

Lack of replication leads to different findings.

Question 37

How can accuracy be improved in decision-making?

Answer 37

By taking time to judge and resisting stereotyping.

Question 38

What research supports the recall of events in order consistent with memory scripts?

Answer 38

Bower et al. (1979).

Question 39

What does FAE not apply universally to?

Answer 39

Collectivist cultures.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: Cognitive biases are errors in information processing that undermine _______.

Answer 40

[decision-making].

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The experience of one stimulus affecting the response to a later stimulus is known as _______.

Answer 41

[cognitive priming].