Gender Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the definition of gender?
Being a social construct often categorized as male or female based on biological sex.
What does the term ‘gender fluid identity’ refer to?
An identity that is not fixed and can change over time.
What is ‘alpha bias’ in the context of gender?
The tendency to encourage identification with one gender, leading to a sense of abnormality.
What is ‘beta bias’ in gender studies?
The failure to recognize the different needs of genders, particularly preventing change for transgender individuals.
What does gender schema theory propose?
Information consistent with existing gender schemas is retained, while inconsistent information is distorted.
What is the role of stereotypes in gender identity?
Stereotypes prime individuals to adopt certain roles and behaviors, such as associating women with care and men with mathematics.
How can media portrayals influence gender behavior?
Portrayals of women as passive can influence girls to behave similarly.
What is the importance of avoiding alpha and beta bias?
Recognizing similarities and differences between all gender identities is crucial.
What was the finding of the cold pressor test study by Fowler et al. (2011)?
Men primed with feminine-typical behaviors reported less pain and anxiety.
At what age do most children typically identify their gender?
By three years old.
What are the two types of social influence on gender identity?
Normative Social Influence (NSI) and Informational Social Influence (ISI).
How does gender non-conformity affect adolescents?
It can lead to stress due to bullying and rejection.
What cultural context influences gender roles according to Hofstede (2001)?
The difference between women in the workplace versus traditional homemaker roles.
What is ‘operant conditioning’ in relation to gender?
Children are rewarded for gender-typical behavior and punished for atypical behavior.
What is ‘differential reinforcement’?
Girls and boys are reinforced for different behaviors, often influenced by fathers.
What is ‘modeling’ in the context of social learning theory?
Parents and media model gender-typical behaviors for children to imitate.
What does vicarious reinforcement entail?
Children observe the consequences of behaviors and imitate them if they see rewards.
What does the term ‘identification’ mean in social learning theory?
An observer perceives a model as similar to themselves, increasing the likelihood of imitation.
How did mothers behave differently towards babies dressed in gender-specific clothes?
Mothers exhibited different behaviors based on the perceived gender of the child.
What role do changing social norms play in gender behavior?
New forms of gender behavior are often reinforced more than punished, leading to more gender-fluid models.
What is the role of testosterone in gender development?
Testosterone levels before and after birth are linked to brain differences between men and women.
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?
A condition where girls show male-typical play behavior and some may wish to live as men.
What is the significance of oxytocin in gender?
It promotes emotional bonding and reduces cortisol levels during childbirth.
What is the dominant male theory in evolutionary psychology?
Dominant males mated more often, leading to the survival of masculinity-promoting genes.
