Cognitive and Language Development - Exam #1

Question 1

What are the 3 different ways that we develop?

Answer 1

Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional

Question 2

Define Development

Answer 2

The pattern of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begins at conception and continues through the life span.

Question 3

What are biological processes?

Answer 3

Things to do with the body like weight, hormones, motor skills, brain development

Question 4

What are cognitive processes?

Answer 4

Things that have to do with the “mind” like intelligence, language acquisition, and changes in thinking

Question 5

What are Socioemotional processes?

Answer 5

Relationships with others and changes in emotions/personality

Question 6

What time frame is the infancy period of development?

Answer 6

Birth- about 2 years

Question 7

What time frame is the early childhood period of development? What grade is this?

Answer 7

About 2 years to 5 years (pre-k)

Question 8

What time frame is the middle to late childhood period of development? What schooling is this?

Answer 8

About 6 years to 11 years (elementary school)

Question 9

What time frame is the adolescence period of development?

Answer 9

Age 10/12 to about 18/21

Question 10

What does development have to do with psychology?

Answer 10

Making sure that you’re teaching within a level that isn’t too hard and stressful, but not too easy or boring

Question 11

What is splintered development?

Answer 11

When someone’s development is uneven across domains (strong in math, poor in writing)

Question 12

What was a main thought for Paiget?

Answer 12

That children learned through experience and would learn once developmentally ready through maturation and age

Question 13

What years is the sensorimotor stage at?

Answer 13

0-2

Question 14

What are the limitations of the preoperational stage?

Answer 14

Egocentrism, animism, centration, and reversibility

Question 15

What do people gain in the preoperational stage?

Answer 15

They gain symbolic thought (the ability to mentally represent an object that’s not there)

Question 16

What is the kind of thought in the preoperational stage?

Answer 16

Intuitive thought

Question 17

What is centration?

Answer 17

Focusing on one characteristic at the exclusion of others

Question 18

What is an example of centration?

Answer 18

The water in the taller glass, they’re too focused on the fact that the taller glass’s water is taller, so they say that there’s more water in that one

Question 19

What is conservation?

Answer 19

The idea that some characteristics of an object stay the same even when the object might change in appearance

Question 20

What is an example of a lack of conservation and what stage does this happen?

Answer 20

The water in a tall glass experiment; preoperational

Question 21

When are the concrete operations?

Answer 21

8-12

Question 22

What’s so important about the concrete operations stage?

Answer 22

They resolve their centration by their knowledge of conservation

Question 23

What kind of thought is in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 23

Logical reasoning

Question 24

What is a limitation in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 24

They can think logically, but they can only do so in concrete scenarios (like in transitivity)

Question 25

What is transitivity and what stage of development does it belong to?

Answer 25

It's the A>B thing; the ability to combine relationships to understand certain conclusions

Question 26

What do children gain in the Formal Operational Stage?

Answer 26

Abstract Thinking! Also Hypothetical-deductive reasoning and Metacognition!

Question 27

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning and what stage of developement is this?

Answer 27

The ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and systematically reach a conclusion (not having to try each possible way out)

Question 28

What is a limitation of the Formal Operational Stage?

Answer 28

Adolescent egocentrism, imaginary audience, and the personal fable

Question 29

What kind of thinking is metacognition?

Answer 29

Abstract thinking!

Question 30

What is adolescent relativism?

Answer 30

The ability to see things as relative rather than absolute( Everything may seem uncertain, no knowledge is completely reliable, etc...)

Question 31

What does Vygotsky's social constructivist approach emphasize?

Answer 31

The Social context of learning and construction of knowledge through social interaction; collaboration, social interaction, sociocultural activity

Question 32

What are the down-sides of Vygotsky's Social constructivist approach?

Answer 32

He doesn't focus enough on age-related changes, overemphasized the role of language in thinking, and his emphasis on collaboration and guidance may have pitfalls

Question 33

What is phonology?

Answer 33

Sound system of a language

Question 34

What is Morphology?

Answer 34

Units of meaning involved in word formation

Question 35

What is syntax?

Answer 35

Rules for combining words into phrases/sentences

Question 36

What is Semantics?

Answer 36

Meaning of words and sentences

Question 37

What is Pragmatics?

Answer 37

Appropriate use of language in different contexts

Question 38

When do infants stop babbling and speak their first word?

Answer 38

10-13 months

Question 39

When do they start to speak more words? Like their second?

Answer 39

18-24 months (around and before 2 years)

Question 40

What is a draw-back in early childhood language?

Answer 40

They overgeneralize rules (morphology)

Question 41

What is a cool skill and ability in early childhood language?

Answer 41

A 6 year old knows 8,000 to 14,000 words!! (Semantics) And they know to talk to different people in different ways (Pragmatics)