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A-level Psychology > Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

Aim of Andrade

A

To know whether doodling assists information processing (by attending more effectively or enhancing memory)

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2
Q

Research method used in Andrade

A

Laboratory experiment

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3
Q

Design used in Andrade

A

Independent measures design
(Control group/doodling group)

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4
Q

Number of participants in Andrade

A

40

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5
Q

Where were the participants, in Andrade, members of?
Where were they recruited from?

A

MRC (medical research council) Applied Psychology Unit, originally recruited from the general public

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6
Q

What ages were the members in Andrade?

A

18-55yrs

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7
Q

How was the sample chosen in Andrade?

A

Participants were asked if they wanted to participate in another study after finishing a fake experiment

Volunteered to join a ‘pool’ of people who may be chosen to participate

opportunity sampling - using who was readily available at the time

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8
Q

How were the participants assigned to a condition in Andrade?

A

Random allocation

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9
Q

Number and genders of participants in control group (Andrade)

A

20 participants (18 female, 2 male)

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10
Q

Number and genders of participants in doodling group (Andrade)

A

20 participats (17 female, 3 male)

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11
Q

What did researcher change about the recall order between participants in Andrade?

A

Question order was counterbalanced

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12
Q

How long was the mock telephone message in Andrade?

A

2.5 mins

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13
Q

How many wpm was the mock telephone message in Andrade?

A

227 wpm

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14
Q

Apparatus given to doodling group (Andrade)

A
  • Pencil
  • A4 paper with 10 shapes ( 1cm diameter squares and circles in alternating rows)
    —> + space for writing target information
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15
Q

Apparatus given to control group (Andrade)

A
  • Pencil
  • Blank A4 paper
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16
Q

Type of data gathered in Andrade

A

Quantitative data
- mean number of correct recall, false alarms and scares for names and places

17
Q

Controls in Andrade

A
  • Standardised instructions
  • standardised/same message (volume + speed)
18
Q

Were the participants paid in Andrade’s study?

A

Yes, a small sum

19
Q

What happened to one participant in the doodling group of Andrade?

A

They didn’t doodling so were replaced

20
Q

Type of data collected in Andrade

A

Quantitative data

Mean number of correct recall, false alarms and scores for names and places

21
Q

Size of margin on the paper in Andrade

A

4.5cm

22
Q

How were participants in Andrade assigned to a condition?

A

Random allocation

23
Q

Mean number of correct names recalled in the control group of Andrade

A

7.1

24
Q

Mean number of correct names recalled in the doodling group of Andrade

A

7.8

25
Q

Mean number of false alarms in the control group of Andrade

A

5

26
Q

Mean number of false alarms in the doodling group of Andrade

A

1

27
Q

Background of Andrade

A

Andrade was unsure of whether doodling impairs performance, by moving concentration from the primary task, or whether it improves performance and aids concentration.

28
Q

Strengths of Andrade

A

Can control extraneous variables - lab experiment using independent measures design

Very standardisable (so ppt’s equally likely to be bored and daydream) - same monotonous tone, dull and quiet room, asking to do experiment when about to leave
—> more valid - differences due to doodling or not
—> more reliable - all ppt’s similarly bored

29
Q

Example of controlling and extraneous variable in Andrade

A

Allowing participants to listen to the recording at a comfortable volume

30
Q

Aim(s) of Baron-Cohen

A

• To test whether a group of adults with Asperger Syndrome (AS) or High-functioning Autism (HFA) would be impaired on the revised version of the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ task.
• To test if there was an association between performance on the revised eyes test and measures of autistic traits.
• To investigate if there were sex differences in those without autism on the task.
To see if females score higher on the eyes test than males (female superiority)
• To see if there is an inverse correlation between the eyes test and the AQ test, for a sample of normal adults

31
Q

Problems with the original Baron-Cohen study

A

• No glossary
• Only two response options - ppt had 50% chance of getting correct answer (could guess)
• Answer choices were opposites - easy to identify emotion (revised - 4 options)
• Contained both basic and complex mental states, so contained some items that were too easy
—> basic because they are recognised universally - can be recognised purely as emotions, without the need to attribute a belief to the person
• Some items that could be solves simply by checking the gaze direction of the face
• More female faces than male
• Few choices - only 25 pictures - results showed ceiling effect - everyone scored highest possible score

32
Q

Results of original Baron-Cohen study

A

• Adult males measurement in the general population scored a mean of 18.8 (SD = 2.5)
• Adult females measurement in the general population scored a mean of 21.8 (SD = 1.8)
• Adults with HFA or AS performed significantly worse than sex-matched normal controls, or adults with Tourette’s syndrome
• Adults with HFA or AS scored an average of 16.3 out of 25 (SD = 2.9)
• Adults with TS scored an average of 20.4 out of 25(SD = 2.6)
• Groups with TS did not differ significantly on this test from the general population

33
Q

Hypotheses of original Baron-Cohen study

A

• Participants in the AS/HFA group will score significantly lower scores on the revised Eyes Test than the control group (but unimpaired on gender judgements)
• Participants in the AS/HFA group will score significantly higher on the Autism Spectrum Quotient Test (AQ)
• Females in the ‘normal’ groups (groups 2 and 3) will score higher on the Eyes Test than males in those groups
• Males in the ‘normal’ group (group 3) would score higher on the AQ measure than females
Scores on the AQ and the Eyes test would be negatively/inversely correlated

A-level Psychology (7 decks)

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