Cognitive Approach

Question 1

Capacity, duration, encoding:

Sensory memory

Answer 1

• Very large
• 1-2 seconds
• Variety of ways

Question 2

Capacity, duration, encoding:

Short-term memory

Answer 2

• 7 items
• 30 seconds
• acoustic

Question 3

Capacity, duration, encoding:

Long-term memory

Answer 3

• very large
• indefinitely
• semantic

Question 4

Define:

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of storage

Question 5

Name:

Key assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 5

• Human brain can be compared to a computer
• Behaviour can be understood through study of internal mental processes

Question 6

Define:

Memory

Answer 6

The process of storing information over time

Question 7

Name:

Components of memory

Answer 7

Encoding/storage/removal

Question 8

Define:

Encoding

Answer 8

How information is processed

Question 9

Name:

Types of encoding

Answer 9

Visual/acoustic/semantic

Question 10

Define:

Cue

Answer 10

Stimuli that acts as prompts to recall information in long term memory

Question 11

Define:

Schema

(organise + interpret)

Answer 11

Cognitive framework to organise and interpret information

Question 12

Explain:

Reconstructive memory

Answer 12

• Memory is a reconstruction not a reproduction
• Information is pieced together into a narrative
• Gaps are filled with logical information

Question 13

Name:

Failures of reconstructive memory

Answer 13

• Shortening
• Rationalisation
• Confabulation

Question 14

Define:

Shortening

Answer 14

Details are missed out of memory

Question 15

Define:

Confabulation

Answer 15

Gaps caused by unfamiliar concepts are filled by familiar concepts

Question 16

Define:

Rationalisation

Answer 16

Memories are altered to make more logical sense

Question 17

Define:

Cognitive scripts

(how to behave)

Answer 17

Type of schema used to recall or recognise how to behave in response to certain stimuli

Question 18

Define:

Person perception

(past stimuli)

Answer 18

Forming impressions of other people based off past stimuli

Question 19

Why is person perception neccessary?

Answer 19

Allows us to interpret others quickly and with some degree of accuracy

Question 20

Define:

Cognitive priming

(later response)

Answer 20

Exposure to stimulus influences a later response to the same stimulus

Question 21

Name:

Types of priming

Answer 21

• Repetition priming
• Semantic priming
• Associative priming

Question 22

Define:

Repetition priming

Answer 22

Recognising the same prime more quickly after repeated exposure

Question 23

Define:

Semantic priming

Answer 23

Prime and later stimulus have the same or similar meaning, allowing the later stimulus to be processed faster

Question 24

Define:

Associative priming

Answer 24

Prime and later stimulus have different meanings but are related

Question 25

# Define: Cognitive bias

Answer 25

Biases and errors in the way we process information

Question 26

# Define: Fundemental attribution error

Answer 26

explaining other peoples behaviour as being due to personal flaws VS. your own as a victim of circumstance

Question 27

# Define: Hostile attribution bias

Answer 27

interpretating the actions of others as hostile, regardless of intent

Question 28

# Define: Confirmation bias

Answer 28

the tendency to seek out and interpret information to fit our pre-conceived biases

Question 29

# Name: The key assumptions of the social approach

Answer 29

* Behaviour occurs in a social context * Behaviour is **influenced by other people**, our culture, and society

Question 30

# Name: The key concepts of the social approach

Answer 30

* Conformity * Informational social influence * Normative social influence

Question 31

# Name: The types of conformity

Answer 31

* Compliance * Identification * Internalisation

Question 32

# Define: Conformity

Answer 32

Social influence that involves **changing beliefs** or behaviour **to fit into a group**

Question 33

# Define: Normative social influence

Answer 33

In a group of people there are social norms, people within the group will follow these to fit in

Question 34

# Define: Informational social influence

Answer 34

An individual assumes that the group is correct, mostly occuring when the answer is unclear or someone is seen to have authority

Question 35

# Define: Compliance conformity

Answer 35

An individual accepts influence to achieve a **favourable reaction** from an individual/group

Question 36

# Define: Identification conformity

Answer 36

individuals accept influence to **establish/maintain a self-defining relationship** with an individual/group

Question 37

# Define: Internalisation conformity

Answer 37

An individual adopts a viewpoint because it **aligns with their morals**

Question 38

# Define: Social Categorisation

Answer 38

Putting people into groups based on shared characteristics

Question 39

# Define: Ingroup

Answer 39

A group that we personally identify with

Question 40

# Define: Outgroup

Answer 40

A group that we do not personally identify with

Question 41

# Define: Group

Answer 41

Two or more humans who interact with each other

Question 42

# Define: Group cohesion

Answer 42

Forces that pull members of a group closer together

Question 43

# Define: Group roles

Answer 43

A set of behaviours expected of a person in a specific position in a group

Question 44

# Define: Groupthink

Answer 44

The desire for consensus, people will set aside personal beliefs to adopt the opinion of the group

Question 45

# Define: Social facilitation

Answer 45

Individuals will work better on a task when working with other people

Question 46

# Define: Self-concept

Answer 46

The individuals belief about themself, including attributes and what the self is

Question 47

# Define: Self image:

Answer 47

Your personal view of yourself

Question 48

# Define: Self esteem

Answer 48

The opinion you have of yourself

Question 49

# Define: Self confidence

Answer 49

Your belief in your capacity to execute behaviours