Cognitive Approach Flashcards
(6 cards)
Memory Models
Multi-Store Model
Sensory information enters sensory memory.
Info stays there for a few seconds, and only a small amount goes into short-term memory.
It holds around 7 items.
With rehearsal, STM goes into the long term, and it can be retrieved.
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) Study 2
Working Memory Model
Suggests that STM is made up of multiple stores.
The central executive controls attention
The phonological loop is the auditory component
The visuospatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial info
The episodic buffer holds several sources of info at the same time.
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Schema Theory
Schema Theory
Mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge.
Bottom-up info from the senses is interpreted by the top-down influence of our schemas to determine appropriate behaviour
Organize our knowledge, assist recall, guide our behavior, and help us to make sense of current experiences.
Bartlett (1932)
Models of Thinking and Decision Making
The Dual Processing Model
System 1 is an automatic, effortless way of thinking since it employs heuristics.
May be prone to errors in our assumptions
System 2 is a slower, conscious, and rational way of thinking
Allows us to analyse situations
Cox and Griggs (1982)
Reconstructive Memory
Reconstructive memory
Recalling memories is an active recreation of the event rather than retrieval from the long-term memory
A misinformation effect happens when individuals fill in memory gaps based on their schemas or post-event information
our previous knowledge and experience of a situation, and we use this process to complete the memory.
Bartlett (1932)
Cognitive Biases
Anchoring Bias
The tendency to rely too heavily on, or “anchor,” one trait or piece of information when making decisions
happens when there is not enough info to make a decision
The initial info provided serves as a basis for making further decisions.
Englich and Mussweiler (2001)
Emotion on cognition
Flashbulb Memory
Some events can be remembered as though our mind had photographed them
caused when the event was surprising or of personal relevance
suggests that there may be a special neural mechanism that triggers emotional arousal
Brown and Kulik (1977)
