Sociocultural Studies Flashcards
(15 cards)
Levine et al (2005)
Aim: Effect of in-group bias
Participants: 45 male students who self-identified as Manchester United fans
Method:
1. They were told that the experiment had to be moved to a larger room across campus
2. While walking there, a confederate fell holding his ankle and shouting in pain
3. The Confederate was wearing a Manchester United/Liverpool FC/Plain T-shirt
Results:
1. Most likely to help another Manchester United Fan
2. No difference between plain and Liverpool shirt
Bandura (1961)
Aim: If children imitates aggression modeled by an adult and if they were more likely to for same-sex models
Participants: 3-6 year olds, 36 boys and girls
Method:
1. One group was exposed to bashing a “Bobo” doll or using verbal aggression toward the Bobo
2. Second group observed adult assemble toys
3. In first and second group, watched same or opposite sex models
4. Third group did not see a model
5. After watching the model, the child was placed in a room and taken out
6. Told the toys were for other children
7. Put in a room with a Bobo doll
Results:
1. Those with aggressive models, showed aggressive behaviour
2. Boys more aggressive if male model than if female model
3. Girls more physically aggressive if male model but more verbally aggressive if the model was female;
Hamilton and Gifford (1976)
Aim: Illusory correlation between group size and negative behaviour
Participants: Unknown
Method:
1. Participants listened to a series of statements about people from Groups A and B. The statement was either positive or negative
2. Twice as many people in group A than group B so group B was the minority.
3. Each group had the same proportion of positive and negative comments
4. Were asked how many people in each group had positive vs negative traits
Results:
1. Overestimated the number of negative traits in the minorty group
Steele and Aronson (1995)
Aim: Effect of stereotype threat on performance
Participants: European American students and African American students
Method:
1. Had to complete a verbal test with very difficult multiple choice questions
2. One group was told it was a genuine test of their abilities and another group was told it wasn’t
Results:
1. Group told that it was, African-American participants performed worse
2. Group told it wasn’t, African Americans scored higher than those in group 1 and was not significantly different from European Americans
Smith and Bond (1996)
Aim: Investigate conformity as a product of culture
Participants: 133 studies from 17 countries
Method:
1. A meta-analysis of cross-cultural replications of the Asch paradigm study
2. The study ncluded a naive participant in a room with confederates
3. The participant had to identify which of the 3 lines to the right of the card is the same length as one of the lines on the left
Results:
1. Increased rates of conformity in collectivistic cultures (Japan and Fiji)
2. Decreased rates of conformity in individualistic cultures (France and USA)
Smith and Lloyd (1978)
Aim: How gender labelling would affect how adults interact with children
Participants: New mothers
Methods:
1. Asked to play with a 6 month old baby
2. The baby was cross dressed
3. They were in a room with gendered toys
4. Filmed the interaction between the mother and the child
Results:
1. Mothers chose toys that matched their perception of the child’s gender
Miranda and Matheny (2000)
Aim: Which factors in latino immigrants to the US would decrease acculturative stress
Participants: 197 members of two social services agencies
Method:
1. Completed a questionnaire and standardised test to assess:
- acculturation
- acculturative stress
- coping strategies
Results:
1. Immigrants have decreased acculturative stress if:
- effective coping strategies
- proficiency in English
- strong family structure
- longer time in the US
Ogihara and Uchida (2014)
Aim: Effect of working in an individualistic workplace on the well-being of Japanese women
Participants: 34 adult Japanese women who worked for a large insurance company
Method: Correlational Study
1. Performance and achievement oriented goals on office walls
2. Answered surveys on
- individualistic and collectivistic orientations
- subjective wellbeing
- personal relationships
Results
1. Participants who were achievement oriented
- lower subjective wellbeing
- fewer closer friends
2. May be cuz globalisation promotes individualism in the workplace but local culture maintains collectivistic values
Becker et al (2002)
Aim: Effects of introducing Western television to Fiji
Participants: Fiji adolescent girls aged 16-18
Method: Prospective natural experiment
1. Given EAT-26 test to determine eating attitudes
2. Follow-up interview to determine if there was evidence of purging/binging behaviours
3. Compared attitudes and behaviours before and 3 years after TV was introduced
Results:
1. Increased prevalence of
- dieting
- body dissatisfaction
- disordered eating behaviours (purging)
Drury et al (2009)
Aim: Role of Social Identity Theory in helping
Participants: 40 students from the University of sussex
Method:
1. Two conditions
- Group identification: They and other football supporters returning home from a game
- Self Identification: Returning home from a shopping trip
2. Played a VR game where they had to escape a fire
Results:
1. In-group identification gave more help than self-identification
Charlton et al (2002)
Aim: Role of television in the development of aggressive behaviors on children
Participants: Children in St Helena 3-8 years old
Method:
1. Cameras were set up in the playgrounds of two primary schools on the island, and the behaviour of children
2. was observed before (1994) and after (2000) the introduction of television.
Results:
1. Showed no increase in antisocial behaviour
Schaller (1991)
Aim: Investigate role of group membership on stereotyping
Participants: Psychology students
Method:
1. Told they were in group A/B/No categorisation
2. Told there was more people in Group A than V
3. Given booklet of statements describing members in their group vs out group
4. = number statements for each
5. Given list of traits and asked to rank each group on a 10-point scale
Results
1. Rate in group more positive
Berry (1967)
Aim: Measure conformity in collevtivistic vs individualistic societies through Asch Paradigm
Paricipants: Temne, inuits and scots
Method:
1. Given two practice test to match the line below that most closely matches line at the top.
2. After first 2 trials, 4 more trials.
3. On third try participants were informed that most people had chosen a particular line
Results
1. Tenme had higher rates of conformity
2. Inuits had lower rates of conformity than scots
Fagot (1978)
Aim: Role of parents in gender-role development
Participants: 24 families with one child
Method:
1. Observers are given an observation checklist of child behaviours and parent reactions
2. Two observers to establish inter code reliability
3. Parents are asked to fill in questionnaire on the socialisation of gender roles
Results:
1. Parents react more favourably to the child if they engaged in same-sex preferred behaviour
Lueck and Wilson (2010)
Aim: Variables that may predict acculturative stress in a sample of asian immigrants and asian Americans
Paritcipants: asian immigrants and asian Americans
- Carried out semi-structured interviews to measure level of acculturative stress by the impact of :
- Language preference
- Socioeconomic status
- Cohesion
- Discrimination
- Social network
Results:
1. Less acculturative stress if:
- Bilingual
- satisfied with economic status
- Sharing values
2. Increased acculturative stress if discrimination
