Cognitive Approach

Question 1

Multi-Store Model (MSM)

Answer 1

Proposed that memory consisted of 3 stores.
- A sensory register
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory

Question 2

Short Term Memory

Answer 2

• Lasts about 12 seconds
• Has a limited capacity
• Only for important sensory information

Question 3

Long Term Memory

Answer 3

• Regularly rehearsed information
• Has unlimited capacity
• May last forever

Question 4

Working Memory Model (WMM)

Answer 4

• Suggests that short-term memory is not a single store, but rather consists of a number of different stores
• A hypothetical model of STM
• Includes several components in contrast to the MSM’s version of STM as one big store

Question 5

Visuospatial-Sketchpad

Answer 5

• The visual component of STM
• Temporary store for visual & spatial information either from sensory memory or LTM

Question 6

Phonological Loop

Answer 6

• The auditory component of STM
• Divided into 2 components

Question 7

Episodic Buffer

Answer 7

• Temporarily holds several sources of information active at the same time, while considering what’s needed in the present situation
• Acts as a temporary & passive display store until information is needed
• Limited capacity
• Responsible for our conscious awareness

Question 8

Displacement

Answer 8

In the MSM this is what happens to information in STM if it is not rehearsed. It is displaced - or “knocked out” of the STM store by other incoming stimuli.

Question 9

Rehearsal

Answer 9

Plays a key role in determining what is stored in long-term memory in the multi-store model of memory.

Question 10

Schema Theory

Answer 10

How humans process incoming information, relate it to existing knowledge & use it

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

• Mental representations that are used to organise our knowledge, assist recall, guide our behaviour, predict likely happenings, and help us to make sense of current experiences.
• Cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge.

Question 12

Assimilation & Accommodation

Answer 12

Take in & understand fully

Question 13

Dual Processing Model

Answer 13

Two basic modes of thinking

Question 14

System I Thinking

Answer 14

• An automatic, intuitive & effortless way of thinking
• Often employs heuristics
• Context-dependent - focuses on existing evidence & ignores absent evidence
• Concerns everyday decision-making
• Generates impressions & inclinations
• Not logic based
• Prone to error
• Operates automatically & quickly with little or no effect

Question 15

System II Thinking

Answer 15

• Slower, conscious & rational way of thinking
• Abstract
• Conscious reasoning
• Logical
• Reliable
• Slow & requires effort
• Transfers information from one situation to a new situation

Question 16

Heuristics

Answer 16

Mental shortcuts that involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem & ignoring others

Question 17

Reconstructive Memory

Answer 17

The theory that when memories are accessed, they are not retrieved as a single, whole memory, but rather as a collection of independent memories put together.

Question 18

The Misinformation Effect

Answer 18

The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event.

Question 19

Framing Effect

Answer 19

• The bias where people react differently to a particular decision depending on how it’s presented emphasising either the positive (gain) or negative (loss) aspects. -
• It can alter people’s responses.

Question 20

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 20

• Brown & Kulik’s theory that memories created as the result of high levels of emotion – particularly surprise – are like “photographs.”
• The theory argues that a lot of peripheral and irrelevant information is retained.

Question 21

HPA Axis

Answer 21

• The main stress response system.
• The neuroendocrine link between perceived stress & physiological reactions to stress