Cognitive Approach Flashcards
(34 cards)
What do the Models of Memory give insight to?
The Multi-Store Model of Memory and The Working Memory Model provides a framework for an understanding of conceptualisation of human memory process, suggesting a number of components working together to process information.
What are the 3 processes in The Multi-Store Model of Memory?
Sensory memory/ buffer, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is the sensory memory/ buffer?
It is where the sensory information (5 senses) is stored very briefly. Information must receive attention in order to transfer into short-term memory.
What is short-term memory (STM)?
It is where a limited amount of information is stored for a limited time. STM transferred into long-term memory (LTM) through rehearsal.
What is long-term memory (LTM)
It is where memories are stored after rehearsal. Information can be recalled from here. LTM has unlimited capacity and duration.
What are the 4 components of The Working Memory Model?
Central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the phonological loop?
It handles auditory and verbal information i.e. sound and speech. It is divided into two separate components: the phonological store (the inner ear where speech/ sound information must go through the articulatory control system (ACS) to be remembered) and the ACS (the inner voice where auditory information is rehearsed in order to be recalled).
What are cognitive schemas?
They are seen as mental representations that organise our knowledge, beliefs and expectations.
What have studies indicated about schemas?
That they influence memory processes in encoding, storage and retrieval.
What is schema processing?
It is a large extent automatic and non-conscious which saves cognitive energy but at the same time could result in biases in thinking and memory processes. E.g. distortion and stereotypes.
What is distortion?
Effort after meaning - the attempt to match unfamiliar ideas into a familiar framework.
What are the 3 types of distortion?
Assimilation, levelling, and sharpening.
What is assimilation?
Changing information to be more consistent with an individual’s own cultural expectations.
What is levelling?
Shortening information that seems unimportant.j
What is sharpening?
Changing the order of the information to make sense and more familiar to the culture of the individual.
What are stereotypes?
An example of schema processing based on a fixed mental representation of a group of individuals.
What can stereotypes lead to?
Biases, distortion, and generalisation, and they an unconsciously affect judgement and memory (which in turn affect behaviour).
What does thinking involve?
Using information and doing something with it. E.g. deciding something which makes thinking and decision making closely related.
What factors is thinking based on?
Concepts, processes and goals.
What is thinking and decision-making often referred to?
Rational (controlled) and intuitive thinking (automatic).
What are the two systems models of thinking?
System 1 - intuitive, quick and requiring limited effort, influenced by biases.
System 2 - rational, goal directed, requires intentional effort and time, analyses/ controls for biases.
What is framing effect?
It is based on the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour (concerned with the relationship between attitudes and behaviour when making choices). More specifically, it is a heuristic of making a choice under risk; describes how the choice depends on whether the problem is formulated (framed) in terms of potential gains or potential losses.
What are heuristics?
It is about the adaptive decision-maker framework including emotions and goals in the decision process. Heuristics are mental shortcuts that people taken when there is no time or resources to analyse the situation thoroughly.
What is anchoring bias?
It is part of heuristics and uses an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Anchoring bias may have cause the intuitive though system to make erroneous estimates.
