cognitive approach- first model of memory

Question 1

what is the cognitive approach ?

Answer 1

our behaviour is determined by our mental processes

Question 2

what analogy does the cognitive approach use ?

Answer 2

computer analogy

Question 3

what does the computer analogy mean ?

Answer 3

our brain inputs information from our environment and then it processes it for a response (input,process, output)

Question 4

what is memory ?

Answer 4

the ability of the mind to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences , and then retrieve that information

Question 5

how does your memory retrieve information ?

Answer 5

through a process of coding, storage and retrieval

Question 6

what is the first model of memory

Answer 6

the idea that we have 3 memory stores

Question 7

what are the 3 stages/stores of memory

Answer 7

sensory, short term, long term

Question 8

how does information pass through the different stores of memory

Answer 8

information processing begins in the sensory memory, moves to the short term memory and eventually moves into the long term memory store

Question 9

what happens to most of the information passing through the stores of memory ?

Answer 9

it is lost/ forgotten along the way

Question 10

how can we make information move into the STM and LTM stores ?

Answer 10

what we pay attention to determines if it goes through all 3 stages (rehearsing the information)

Question 11

what are the differences between the different memory stores ?

Answer 11

each store retains a ..
. different amounts of information.
. in a different way ( different ways of coding it )
. holding it for a different length of time ( how long it can retain it)

Question 12

whats the duration of the sensory memory

Answer 12

very short ( few seconds)

Question 13

whats the duration of the STM

Answer 13

limited duration

Question 14

why is duration limited in the STM ?

Answer 14

we must rehearse the information to keep it in our STM

Question 15

what happens if we rehearse information enough ?

Answer 15

it can move from our STM to our LTM

Question 16

what research study shows the duration of STM

Answer 16

Petersons and Petersons

Question 17

explain Petersons and Peterson experiment about duration of STM

Answer 17

. The experimenter said a consonant syllable to the participant and a 3 digit number ( e.g. SRT 238)
. the participant was then asked to count back from this number in 3’s and 4’s until they were asked to stop
. (intervals 3,6,9,12,14,16,18)
. The participants were then asked to recall the 3 consonants

Question 18

how many recalled the letters correctly after 3 seconds ? in Petersons and Peterson experiment

Answer 18

80%

Question 19

how many recalled the letters correctly after 18 seconds in Petersons and Petersons experiment

Answer 19

10%

Question 20

What does Petersons and Petersons experiment show ?

Answer 20

recall got progressively worse as the delay grew longer

Question 21

experiment aim ( petersons and petersons ) =

Answer 21

to see how long information could be stored in our STM

Question 22

experiment conclusion ( petersons and petersons)=

Answer 22

STM lasts about 30 seconds at the most if not rehearsed , information is lost from STM from trace delay

Question 23

what research study shows the duration of LTM

Answer 23

Bahrick et ales St

Question 24

explain the experiment ( bahrick et ales - duration of LTM)

Answer 24

. Participants were asked to list the names of those they could remember from their graduating class. as well as photo recognition tests.

Question 25

how accurate were the participants 15 years after graduation ? (in BAhrciks et ales experiment)

Answer 25

90% accurate at identifying names and faces

Question 26

#how accurate were the participants 48 years after graduation ? ( in bahrcik et ales experiement)

Answer 26

80%= verbal 70%= visual

Question 27

experiment aim ( bahrcik et ales) =

Answer 27

to see how long information can be stored in the LTM

Question 28

experiment conclusion ( bahrcik et ales) =

Answer 28

LTM has a potentially unlimited duration

Question 29

how does encoding work in sensory memory

Answer 29

encoding in the SM involves converting the information from the environment (sight,sounds,smells) into a form in which it can be stored as memory

Question 30

how does encoding differ in the SM

Answer 30

depends on the senses

Question 31

what type of encoding is used for the STM

Answer 31

encoding is mainly acoustic

Question 32

what does acoustic mean ?

Answer 32

based on sounds (words)

Question 33

what evidence supports STM is acoustic ?

Answer 33

Allan Baddely (1966) found the mistakes made are acoustic when recalling words in the STM , such as substituting a word for another word that sounds the same ( such as cat instead of cap)

Question 34

what type of encoding is used in the LTM

Answer 34

encoding is mainly semantic

Question 35

what does semantic mean ?

Answer 35

based on meaning

Question 36

what evidence supports that the type of encoding in the LTM is semantic

Answer 36

Allen Baddely (1966) found the mistakes made are semantic when recalling words in the LTM, such as substituting word that means the same thing (such as saying tiny instead of small)

Question 37

describe Allen baddelys experiment for coding in the STM and LTM

Answer 37

participants were given words that were either . acoustically similar ( words that sound the same) .acoustically dissimilar (words that don't sound the same) .semantically similar ( words with similar meanings) .semantically dissimilar (words that don't have similar meanings)

Question 38

what were the results in Allen baddelys experiment around encoding with STM and LTM ?

Answer 38

. Participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in the STM . participants had difficulty remembering semantically similar words in the LTM

Question 39

conclusion ( Allen baddelys experiment) =

Answer 39

. dominant form of encoding in the STM = acoustic . dominant form of encoding in the LTM= semantic

Question 40

whats the capacity of SM ?

Answer 40

capacity is very high

Question 41

whats the capacity of STM ?

Answer 41

capacity is limited

Question 42

why is the capacity of STM limited ?

Answer 42

because it can only contain a certain number of things before forgeting occurs

Question 43

why is the capacity of LTM unlimited ?

Answer 43

because we store everything we have ever learned in it

Question 43

whats the capacity of LTM

Answer 43

Capacity is practically unlimited

Question 44

Why do we sometimes forget information in our LTM ?

Answer 44

the information may still be in your LTM but you just cant access it because you don't had the right cues

Question 45

what experiment proves the information around Capacity of memory stores

Answer 45

Jacobs study of STM

Question 46

explain the experiment of jacobs study about capacity in memory stores

Answer 46

. participants were presented with a string of letters or digits . they had to repeat them back in the same order . the number of digits increased until the participant failed to record them properly.

Question 47

conclusion (jacobs study) =

Answer 47

STM has limited storage capacity of 5-9 items

Question 48

what is a weakness of the first model of memory

Answer 48

a lot of research is not typical of everyday memory

Question 49

explain how artificial experiments are a weakness in the first model of memory

Answer 49

In Peterson's and Peterson's study they had to remember 3 consonants ( with no meaning) making the experiment artificial. This means the different characteristics of memories stores may not be so clear when we use our memories in everyday life

Question 50

what is a strength of the first model of memory ?

Answer 50

there is lots of evidence showing there are 3 memory stores, we can tell the SM, STM and LTM are separate as their characteristics differ so much ( shown in studies)

Question 51

give examples of studies proving that there is lots of evidence about the first model of memory ?

Answer 51

Petersons and Petersons study bahrcik et ales st study Allen baddely study jacobs study

Question 52

what is strength of the first model of memory

Answer 52

knowledge of memory stores has practical applications, by understanding the different characteristics of memory stores we can improve memory.

Question 53

prove that the first model, of memory has practical applications ?

Answer 53

this knowledge of memory stores means we can increase the limited capacity stores of STM through techniques such as "chunking", this chunking approach can help us in everyday life such as in postcodes, registrations and phone numbers