content area B3- gender

Question 1

Gender fluid=

Answer 1

not having a fixed gender

Question 2

Transgender=

Answer 2

a person whose gender does not correspond with their birth sex

Question 3

Gender=

Answer 3

the label of being male or female, AS DISTINCT from biological sex

refers to the psychological/social or cultural aspects of being either male or female. The extent to which you feel either female or male.

Question 4

Binary=

Answer 4

describes a choice of two states. A person can only be male and female.

Question 5

Androgyny=

Answer 5

displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in one’s personality

Question 6

cognitive approach and gender

Question 7

Gender bias =

Answer 7

What is it= the differential treatment and or representation of males and females based on stereotypes and not real differences

Question 8

Two types of gender bias =

Answer 8

alpha bias
beta bias

Question 9

alpha bias =

Answer 9

theories which exaggerate the differences between males and females

Binary perspective= men and women are encouraged to identify more closely with their gender. Usually devalues women in relation to men. Creates a sense of abnormality- people who don’t conform to traditional gender categories are seen as disordered.

Question 10

Beta bias-

Answer 10

Refers to theories which ignore or minimize sex differences and assume that the findings of male studies and behaviour can be applied to females.

Beta bias is discriminatory and prejudicial because it doesn’t acknowledge the different needs of men and women. Everyone should be able to fit into a male dominated society.

Question 11

Confirmation bias-

Answer 11

tendency to focus on information that confirms existing beliefs. It’s much easier to ignore challenging information and accept inequality. For example, conforming to a job associated with a gender. (midwifery= female)

Question 12

Schemas and gender=

Answer 12

Information that is consistent with our gender is more likely to be stored and remembered

Question 13

Example of gender and schemas =

Answer 13

if a woman believes engineering is for men and nursing is for women. She will only pick out information about nursing and ignore engineering (adding to her gender schema).

Question 14

cognitive priming and gender

Question 15

Sex role stereotypes-=

Answer 15

fixed views people have of men’s roles and women’s roles. Often based on “traditional” views. May have been reinforced through socialization.

. Stereotypes make you more ready to see the world in a way that fits your preconceived views (priming)

Question 16

example of gender stereotypes and priming =

Answer 16

Example= the gender stereotypes that you believe in prime you to expect gender related behaviours. For example, if you are asked to draw a picture of a nurse you might be more likely to draw a woman.

Question 17

Weakness
cogntive approach -

Answer 17

definition of alpha and beta bias are problematic- we should be neither beta or alpha biased as both are inaccurate ways of understanding gender which is too complex to be fully explained by focusing on just similarities or differences. Instead, we should acknowledge both forms of bias and except that there are some important similarities and differences between gender identities of all kinds. Therefore, both forms of bias are equally misleading, and we should avoid favoring one or the other.

Question 18

social approach and gender

Answer 18

peer influences
conformity
culture

Question 19

Gender segregation=

Answer 19

The tendency for children to form friendships and social groups primarily with same gender-peers.

Same gender peers contribute with gender identity- acting as models for gender typical behaviour.

Question 20

the role of NSI/ISI in peer influence -

Answer 20

Peers exert normative social influence – they provide norms of gender typical behaviors for others to conform to. “We don’t play with dolls, there for girls!”

. This can also be understood as informational social influence – peers are a source of information about gender related behaviour. Individuals believe what the peer says is the truth and they are a reliable source so conform to the gender stereotype.

Question 21

1) Gender typicality=

2) what does it make some children realise ?

Answer 21

1) Gender typicality= the extent to which a person feels like they are like other members of their gender category. To judge their typicality the individual compares themselves to their same sex peers.

2) This process is what makes youth aware they are transgender. As they realize their expressed gender doesn’t align with their birth sex. They experience gender dysphoria.

Question 22

Conformity’s influence on gender

Answer 22

social pressure
gender non-conformity

Question 23

social pressure=

Answer 23

social pressure =

adolescents may feel social pressure to conform to norms associated with their gender. They may experience pressure from parents, teachers and peers. Such as pressure not to behave in a gender atypical way.

Question 24

impact on those who don’t conform=
Gender non-conformity

Answer 24

feeling pressure from others is a major cause of stress and anxiety for adolescents who do not conform to typical gender role norms.

This is because they are trying to cope with a role that many still feel is socially unacceptable.

Negative outcomes for non-conforming adolescents involve bullying and rejection

Question 25

culture and gender=

Answer 25

Cultures differ in the extent in which gender is considered binary. . several cultures use the term “third gender". For people who do not fit the strict classification of women or man

Question 25

evaluation strength= research supports social approach

Answer 25

Geert Hofstede- women in industrialised cultures have increasingly active roles in the work place and away from a domestic environment. This had lead to a break down of traditional stereotypes in industrialised societies. SO the status of women and expectations of their gender role has changed This suggests that gender roles are strongly influenced by culture.

Question 26

evaluation weakness social approach

Answer 26

gender-non-conformity The social approach does not explain gender-non-conformity very well. Most people in most cultures spend their lives with people who conform to gender norms and roles. Social influence such as NSI tend towards gender conformity. If these influences really are powerful it is hard to explain how some individuals become non-conforming. Perhaps a cognitive element is required and social influences depend on how we percieve them or think about them This suggest other approaches may be a better explanation of the nature of gender.

Question 27

behaviorism and social learning theory

Answer 27

gender is a results of ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS

Question 28

what does SLT argue =

Answer 28

we learn gender roles from observational learning and imitation of role models (same sex) . the behaviour is most likely to be imitated when they observe the model being rewarded in some way for behaving in a gender-typical manner. (vicarious reinforcement) by imitating and observing reinforcement we internalise new beahviours and gender roles

Question 29

what does Skinner state about gender

Answer 29

gender roles and typical behaviours can be learnt directly through operant conditioning. children receive positive reinforcement for behaving in a gender typical way (strengthening the behaviour) and negative reinforcement for behaving in gender-inapropriate ways. a boy might be praised for playing with trucks and criticized for playing with dolls, while a girl might be praised for playing with dolls and criticized for playing with trucks.

Question 30

weakness of behaviorism and social learning theory explanation of gender -

Answer 30

suggesting beahviour is due to conditioning alone is simplistic / reductionist. as it breaks behaviour down into smaller parts to understand it this means that cognition/social influences on behaviour are ignored

Question 31

strength- Behavioursim and SLT

Answer 31

Cultural Variability= these theories can account for variations in gender expressions across different cultures, as different cultures may have different expectations about gender roles and behaviors. Some cultures, like those in Madagascar, the Philippines, and some Indigenous North American communities, recognize more than two genders

Question 32

biological approaches explanation to aggression=

Answer 32

role of hormones role of chromosomes evolutionary explanation

Question 33

what are the three hormones that influence our gender=

Answer 33

testosterone Oestrogen Oxytocin

Question 34

how does testostirone relate to gender=

Answer 34

production of testostirone in the womb in triggered by the SRY gene. This triggers the masculinisation of the embryo

Question 35

what can sometimes happen with testostirone

Answer 35

gentically female foetuses can be exposed to to much testosterone causing a condition called cogenital adrenal hyplasia (CAH) this can effect gender identity and cause dyspohoria as it can lead to masculanised genitalia and brain development

Question 36

how does oestrogen relate to gender=

Answer 36

it is one of the main female sex hormones plays a key role in female sexual developement and reproductive health

Question 37

how does oxytocin relate to gender=

Answer 37

natural hormone that stimulates uteral contractions in childbirth affects how women bond with their children as well as both the male and female reproductive systems

Question 38

how does evolution explain gender=

Answer 38

In the past males competed for females by a process called intra-sexual selection. The most dominant males mated most often. Genes contributing to male domination were passed from generation to generation In the past men and women adopted different roles – this was called the division of labour​ Men were resourceful to provide for females (hunters)​ Females were the gatherers to avoid being killed during hunting​

Question 39

Role of chromosomes in gender​=

Answer 39

Abnormal chromosome patterns can affect Gender, One condition is Called Turner's Syndrome​ A girl with Turner syndrome only has 1 normal X sex chromosome, rather than the usual 2. While females with Turner's syndrome are assigned female at birth, they may experience gender identity issues or have different views on their gender expression. this is because the condition causes underdeveloped ovaries. they may not begin sexual development or fully develop breasts ​ ​

Question 40

research supports strength biological approach

Answer 40

. David Reimer was in a accident that damaged his penis. The doctors suggested his penis be removed and for him to be raised as a girl.They reasoned he was still young enough to make a succesful transition. As he grew he demonstrated a preference to his brothers toys and masculine behaviour. He became deeply unhappy and suicidal. At this point his parents informed him of his true gender and he reverted back to being male. This highlights how social factors may not be as important as we thin for gender identity. as his biological strucuture seemed to out weight his environment.

Question 41

weakness= biological approach

Answer 41

the biological approach steers towards the view that gender is binary . However this is contradicted by evidence of a third gender in some cultures. example- the fa-afine of Somoa are biologically male but choose to adopt female gender role. they dress as women and perform domestic tasks. and care for the family. This culturaly accepted gender fluidity is hard for the biological approach to explain