Cognitive Development Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What is Cognitive Development?
A
Changes that occur in how children think between infancy and adulthood.
Cognitive development involves understanding how children’s knowledge and reasoning change as they grow.
2
Q
What are the two main theoretical perspectives on cognitive development discussed?
A
Piagetian Perspective and Vygotskian Perspective.
These perspectives offer different insights into how children develop cognition.
3
Q
What is the Piagetian Perspective on cognitive development?
A
Children actively construct their own cognition, driving the stages of cognitive development.
This is known as constructivist theory.
4
Q
What does the Vygotskian Perspective emphasize in cognitive development?
A
Cognition is constructed through social interactions, with a significant role of scaffolding.
This perspective is known as social constructivist theory.
5
Q
What are the two processes of cognitive adaptation according to Piaget?
A
Assimilation and Accommodation.
These processes help children change their knowledge structures in response to the environment.
6
Q
Define Assimilation in the context of cognitive adaptation.
A
Incorporating new information into already existing knowledge structures (schemas).
This allows children to make sense of new experiences without starting from scratch.
7
Q
Define Accommodation in the context of cognitive adaptation.
A
Modifying already existing knowledge structures (schemas).
This occurs when new information cannot fit into existing schemas.
8
Q
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
A
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
- Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)
Each stage represents a different level of cognitive capability.
9
Q
What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage?
A
Infants learn about entities and properties within the world.
Key development: Object permanence.
10
Q
What characterizes the Preoperational Stage?
A
Children think symbolically, engage in make-believe play, but their thinking is egocentric and lacks logic.
This stage is marked by centration and a lack of conservation.
11
Q
What is egocentrism in cognitive development?
A
Difficulty seeing the world from another’s perspective.
Piaget explored this with tasks like the three mountain task.
12
Q
What characterizes the Concrete Operational Stage?
A
Children start to think more rationally, moving away from egocentrism and centration.
Their thinking becomes more ‘concrete’ but struggles with abstract concepts.
13
Q
What characterizes the Formal Operational Stage?
A
Children develop the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.
This stage marks a transition toward adult-like thinking.
14
Q
What is the Appearance-Reality Task?
A
A task where children must distinguish between how something appears and what it actually is.
For example, identifying a cat wearing a dog mask.
15
Q
True or False: Piaget’s model of cognitive development is considered fully accurate today.
A
False.
New research suggests that some cognitive abilities emerge differently than Piaget proposed.
16
Q
What are concepts in cognitive psychology?
A
Ideas that allow us to organize objects, events, etc., based on similarities.
Concepts are essential for categorization.
17
Q
What is categorization?
A
The process of grouping objects or events based on shared characteristics.
It helps infants and children navigate and make sense of their environment.
18
Q
What is the difference between nativist and empiricist views on concepts?
A
- Nativist: Some concepts are innate.
- Empiricist: Concepts form only through experience.
This debate influences how we understand cognitive development.
19
Q
What is prototypicality in categorization?
A
Some members of a category are more representative than others.
For example, robins are more prototypical birds than ostriches.
20
Q
What is the hierarchical structure of categories?
A
Categories are organized at different levels: Superordinate, Basic, and Subordinate.
For example, ‘Mammal’ (Superordinate) > ‘Dog’ (Basic) > ‘Bulldog’ (Subordinate).
21
Q
What is the Visual Paired Comparison experiment?
A
An experiment to assess infants’ ability to recognize and form categories by measuring how long they look at new versus familiar stimuli.
This method helps determine if infants can distinguish between different categories.
22
Q
Can infants form basic categories?
A
Yes, studies show they can distinguish between different types of animals at a young age.
For example, 3-month-olds can recognize different animal categories.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: Piaget believed that cognitive development was akin to _______.
A
[social progress].
He linked cognitive development to the advancement of society.
24
Q
How does categorization help in cognitive development?
A
It facilitates learning and navigation by allowing infants to group novel things based on shared characteristics.
Understanding categorization can provide insights into cognitive growth.
25
Can infants form abstract categories?
Yes, infants can form abstract categories using various perceptual cues.
## Footnote
Infants use basic visual features, higher-level visual features, auditory cues, and other perceptual cues to categorize.
26
What are some basic visual features infants use to form categories?
* Shape
* Colour
* Size
## Footnote
These features help infants categorize objects they encounter.
27
What are higher-level visual features that infants might use?
* Spatial configuration
* Head/leg configurations
## Footnote
These features involve more complex visual processing.
28
What auditory cues can infants use to form categories?
* Voice
* Phonetic information
* Animal sounds
## Footnote
Auditory cues play a significant role in how infants categorize different sounds.
29
At what age can infants start to use perceptual information to acquire categories?
As young as 3 months of age.
## Footnote
This suggests that infants can construct new conceptual knowledge independently.
30
What do the nativist and empiricist views propose about knowledge construction?
* Nativist: Some knowledge is innate.
* Empiricist: Knowledge is constructed only through experience.
## Footnote
These views represent opposing perspectives on the origins of conceptual knowledge.
31
What is the Empiricist View on the development of conceptual knowledge?
* Starts with reflexes
* Builds through perceptual experiences
* Growth through mobility and sensory streams
## Footnote
Empiricists believe that knowledge develops progressively through interactions with the environment.
32
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
## Footnote
This concept develops in stages from 0 to 24 months.
33
What evidence suggests infants do not search for hidden objects before 8 months?
Infants do not search for hidden objects at 0-8 months.
## Footnote
This indicates a lack of understanding of object permanence at this age.
34
At what age do infants start to search for moved objects in their original location?
8-12 months.
## Footnote
This marks a significant development in their understanding of object permanence.
35
What does the Nativist View claim about conceptual knowledge?
Infants are born with unlearned conceptual knowledge called Core Knowledge.
## Footnote
This includes various systems of knowledge that are thought to be innate.
36
What are some types of Core Knowledge according to the Nativist View?
* Core Object Knowledge
* Core Number Knowledge
* Core Geometry Knowledge
* Core Actions Knowledge
* Core Minds Knowledge
## Footnote
These categories represent innate conceptual frameworks that infants possess.
37
What is Core Object Knowledge?
A system of object representation centered on expectations about object movement.
## Footnote
It includes concepts like cohesion, continuity, and contact.
38
What does the false belief task assess in children?
Understanding of others' beliefs about the world.
## Footnote
This task is crucial for evaluating theory of mind development.
39
What does the meta-analysis of the false belief task suggest about core knowledge?
Performance improves in early childhood, particularly after age 4-5, indicating it may not be core knowledge.
## Footnote
This suggests that understanding false beliefs develops through experience rather than being innate.
40
What is a challenge to the Nativist View?
Determining what is truly innate and how perceptual experience influences innate categories.
## Footnote
These questions raise issues about the origins and functions of innate concepts.
41
What is the summary of cognitive development theories?
They are built on earlier theories and agree on the importance of perceptual experience.
## Footnote
This reflects a continuum from empiricist to nativist perspectives.
42
What is the main claim of Empiricist theories?
Conceptual knowledge is constructed over development only through perceptual experience.
## Footnote
Empiricists provide evidence for gradual knowledge acquisition but face challenges with early evidence of conceptual knowledge.
43
What is the main claim of Nativist theories?
Infants possess some conceptual knowledge that emerges early and is not exclusively learned.
## Footnote
This perspective emphasizes innate knowledge but is difficult to prove.
44
What is the Information Processing Framework?
Models that describe the flow of information through the cognitive system
## Footnote
Emerged from the early cognitive revolution of the 1950s/60s, influenced by computer science
45
What are the basic assumptions of the Information Processing Perspective?
* There is a limit to how much information we can process at once
* We have machinery for bringing in physical & conceptual information (input)
* We have cognitive machinery for processing information
* Processed information is used for output (e.g. behavior, speech)
## Footnote
Mechanisms include perception functions like vision and hearing
46
What happens to cognitive abilities as children age according to the Information Processing Framework?
Advances in input, information processing, and output due to brain maturation
## Footnote
Factors include biological factors, genes, and experiences
47
How does Information Processing differ from Piaget’s Theory?
IP focuses on continuous changes in knowledge, while Piaget emphasizes discrete changes across stages
## Footnote
Both are considered constructivist theories
48
What methods are used to study memory in preverbal infants?
* Habituation Task
* Operant Conditioning Task
* Visual Paired Comparison Task (VPC)
## Footnote
Each method provides insights into how infants process and remember information
49
What is the purpose of the Familiarisation Test in memory studies?
To assess if infants recognize a stimulus by measuring increased looking time at a new stimulus
## Footnote
Increased looking indicates stored representations of the old stimulus
50
What does the Operant Conditioning Task measure in infants?
It measures memory retention by seeing if infants kick more to move a mobile after learning that kicking caused it to move
## Footnote
Changes in kicking rates indicate memory retention
51
Fill in the blank: Factors affecting encoding include _______ and _______.
Time and Stimulus Complexity
## Footnote
Both factors influence how effectively information is encoded
52
At what age can infants encode simple visual forms according to Fagan (1974)?
2-3 months
## Footnote
Older infants can encode more complex images
53
What are common memory strategies for improving memory retention?
* Rehearsal
* Organisation
* Elaboration
## Footnote
These strategies help in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory
54
True or False: Adults use the same number of memory strategies as younger children.
False
## Footnote
Adults have access to more strategies compared to younger children
55
What are the two main types of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
* Explicit
* Implicit
## Footnote
Explicit memory can be verbally expressed, while implicit memory guides actions unconsciously
56
What is the difference between Procedural and Declarative Memories?
* Procedural: Implicit, unconscious actions
* Declarative: Explicit, consciously accessed and verbally expressible
## Footnote
Procedural memories are thought to develop before declarative memories
57
What task can suggest the presence of declarative memories in preverbal infants?
Imitation Task
## Footnote
Infants imitating action sequences indicate they can remember those sequences
58
What is Semantic Memory?
General knowledge of the world, including abstract ideas and events
## Footnote
Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory does not require personal experience
59
What is Source Monitoring?
The ability to distinguish between semantic and episodic memories
## Footnote
Improves between the ages of 3-4 years
60
What strategies support the emergence of autobiographical memories?
* Explicit rehearsal of past events
* Development of linguistic narratives
* Development of social strategies
## Footnote
These strategies help in forming a coherent narrative of one's life experiences
61
What cognitive processes improve throughout childhood?
* Encoding
* Retention/Storage
* Retrieval
## Footnote
These processes are fundamental to memory development
62
What are the basic components of human memory that improve throughout childhood?
Encoding, Retention/Storage, Retrieval
63
How does short-term memory change throughout childhood?
Increases across childhood
64
When do procedural and declarative memory seem to emerge?
In infancy
65
What types of memory improve with age?
Episodic and Autobiographical Memory
66
What are the three attentional processes?
* Alerting
* Executive Control
* Orienting
67
What is the orienting process in attention?
Directing attention to a particular region
68
True or False: Infants use different types of cues across the first year of life.
True
69
What is dyadic joint attention?
Exchange of looks and facial expressions with an adult before 6 months
70
What is triadic joint attention?
Following gaze cues to other locations at 6 months and pointing cues at 8-9 months
71
What is executive function?
A set of functions for controlling & coordinating cognitive processes during complex operations
72
What are the components of executive function?
* Inhibition
* Updating
* Flexibility
73
What does the Stroop Task measure?
Inhibition of dominant responses
74
What is the main finding regarding the development of inhibition?
Increase in the efficiency of inhibition
75
Fill in the blank: The ability to inhibit a dominant response is part of the __________ attentional process.
Executive Control
76
What is the Teddy Bear Task used to measure?
Flexibility/Shifting in cognitive tasks
77
How does flexibility development change from childhood to adulthood?
Accuracy increases, speed decreases
78
What areas of the brain are involved in executive functioning?
Pre-frontal cortex
79
What is the maturation status of the prefrontal cortex compared to primary motor and perceptual areas?
Reaches mature state later in development
80
What activities can enhance executive function?
* Exercise
* Sports
* Music
* Mindfulness Practices
* Computer-based training
* School Curricula
81
What can early interventions do for children who struggle with executive functions?
Avert later achievement gaps
82
What are the three primary domains of attention that develop?
* Orienting
* Alerting
* Executive Function
83
Who are some key figures in the formalised theories and tests of intelligence?
* Galton
* Binet
* Terman
* Spearman
* Goddard
* Yerks
84
What is the purpose of the Binet-Simon scale?
To categorize what was termed as ‘feeblemindedness’
## Footnote
Developed by Rudolf Pintner.
85
What does the term 'feeblemindedness' refer to?
A standard definition based on normal distribution of scores, specifically those falling in the bottom 3%.
86
How are IQ scores distributed?
Normally distributed around a mean of 100 for each age group.
87
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
* Fluid Intelligence (Gf): Ability to solve abstract problems free from cultural influences
* Crystallized Intelligence (Gc): Ability to solve problems based on knowledge acquired through experiences
88
What does Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory propose?
Intelligence is not a sensory system but a sum of processing systems that can function independently of sensory input.
89
What is the formula for calculating IQ according to Terman?
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100
90
What is the Bayley Scale of Infant Development used for?
To assess cognitive and motor skills in infants aged 1 month to 3.5 years.
91
What is the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence based on?
Visual comparison tasks to examine categorization abilities in infants.
92
What are some components of the Stanford-Binet Test?
* Reasoning
* Judgement
* Memory
* Comprehension
93
What is the WISC and when was it developed?
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, developed in the 1950s.
94
What does test-retest reliability measure?
The consistency of test results over time.
95
What is the significance of a correlation of 0.60 in intelligence studies?
Indicates a moderate stability of intelligence over time.
96
What does a low continuity in IQ scores suggest?
Poor reliability and validity for overall cognitive ability testing in early childhood.
97
What are the three types of gene-environment interactions?
* Passive Interactions
* Evocative Interactions
* Active Interactions
98
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Socio-ecological Model?
A framework to understand how different environmental factors influence cognitive development.
99
What does the HOME study measure?
The home environment through caregiver-child interactions.
100
How does persistent poverty affect children's IQ?
It has a more significant influence on IQ than transient poverty.
101
What factors are considered social risk factors in cognitive development?
* Minority group status
* Head of household occupation
* Maternal education
* Family size
* Stressful life events
102
What predicts children's IQ scores at age 5?
Persistent poverty
## Footnote
Persistent poverty is more influential than transient poverty.
103
What social factor positively predicted child IQ in the 1950s?
Social class at birth
## Footnote
Measured by the professionalism of the father’s occupation in 1950’s Aberdeen.
104
What are some social risk factors in the exosystem?
* Minority group status
* Head of household occupation
* Maternal education
* Anxiety
* Mental health
* Father absence
* Family size
* Stressful life events
* Parent/child interactions
* Parental perspectives
* Knowledge of development
* Socialization goals
## Footnote
Socialization goals include obedience, responsibility, and curiosity.
105
What is the relationship between social risk factors and IQ scores at age 4?
Social risk factors can negatively impact IQ scores
## Footnote
Findings show correlations between these factors and IQ scores.
106
What are macrosystems?
Cultural influences that shape implicit theories
## Footnote
Examples include race and sex/gender.
107
What does 'The Bell Curve' suggest about cognitive elite?
Emergence of a cognitive elite within American society
## Footnote
Based on separation through college admissions and workplace.
108
What is suggested about socioeconomic variables and IQ in 'The Bell Curve'?
Individual intelligence is more important than SES for predicting economic and social welfare.
109
What does 'The Bell Curve' claim about race and intelligence?
Higher IQ of Asian-Americans and lower IQ of African-Americans compared to White Americans.
110
What was the task force's conclusion regarding IQ differences between African Americans and White Americans?
No definite evidence suggests differences are due to genetics; more likely cultural.
111
What do adoption studies indicate about the environment and IQ scores?
Being raised in a good environment drastically improves IQ scores.
112
What happens to the IQ scores of adopted children after adoption?
IQ scores fall within the typical range regardless of biological parents' background.
113
What are the observed sex/gender differences in spatial ability?
Small to large effect sizes.
114
What are the observed sex/gender differences in verbal ability?
Small effect sizes; larger in adolescence but small when combined.
115
What biological factors explain sex/gender differences in intelligence?
* Brain size/structure
* Brain function
* Hormones
* Evolution
116
What environmental factors influence sex/gender differences in intelligence?
* Global inequality
* Preference
* Stereotypes
* Education
* Culture
117
What is a key summary point regarding the development of IQ scores?
Heritable traits and environment both impact IQ scores.
118
What factors affect the development of IQ scores?
* Communities (family, school)
* Dynamics (poverty, social class, racism, sexism)
119
What should we be cautious about equating?
IQ and cognitive ability
## Footnote
Cognitive ability is often synonymous with intelligence.
120
What is Atypical Development?
Developmental patterns and/or cognitive processes that differ more than typical individual variation.
## Footnote
Atypical development includes different developmental patterns and developmental delays.
121
What is the focus of the medical model in understanding atypical development?
Measures individuals against what is typical and works with a deficit view, identifying problems with individuals.
## Footnote
It builds knowledge and develops treatment and support.
122
What are the two perspectives considered in cognitive development?
* Neuroconstructivism
* Cognitive Genetics
123
Define Cognitive Genetics.
The study of how genes and other parts of the genome affect brain functioning and cognitive development.
## Footnote
It infers how genes are involved in cognitive abilities.
124
What does Neuroconstructivism study?
How genes and the environment interact over time to shape cognitive abilities.
## Footnote
It argues that the process is more complicated than cognitive genetics suggests.
125
What are Single Dissociations?
One disorder is associated with a particular trait.
## Footnote
Can indicate if genes are associated with that disorder or atypical development in general.
126
What are Double Dissociations?
Two disorders associated with atypical development but have different cognitive traits.
## Footnote
Helps identify if genes are linked to specific cognitive abilities or disorders.
127
What is the significance of Williams Syndrome in studying cognitive development?
It is a well-described genetic disorder that provides insights into gene-environment interactions and cognitive traits.
## Footnote
It can illustrate both single and double dissociations.
128
What are the domains of Adaptive Functioning in Intellectual Disability?
* Conceptual Domain
* Social Domain
* Practical Domain
129
What does the Conceptual Domain of Adaptive Functioning include?
* Language
* Reading
* Writing
* Maths
* Reasoning skills
* Knowledge
* Memory
130
What does the Social Domain of Adaptive Functioning include?
* Empathy
* Social Judgement
* Interpersonal Communication Skills
* Ability to make & retain Friendships
131
What does the Practical Domain of Adaptive Functioning include?
* Personal Care
* Job Responsibilities
* Money Management
* Organizing school and work tasks
* Recreation
132
How is Intellectual Disability diagnosed?
Based on severity of symptoms within the domains of adaptive functioning, with IQ tests being supplementary.
## Footnote
Emphasis is placed on assessing adaptive functioning.
133
What are the physical traits associated with Williams Syndrome?
* Cardiac differences
* Musculoskeletal differences
* Renal differences
* Dental differences
* Distinctive facial morphology
* Small stature
* Problems with binocular vision
* Hyperacusis
134
What personality traits are typically observed in individuals with Williams Syndrome?
* Very friendly and gregarious
* Unafraid of strangers
* Empathetic
* Extremely trusting
* Difficulty with concentration
* Higher activity levels
135
What cognitive traits are associated with Williams Syndrome?
* Difficulties in spatial & numerical skills
* Lower IQ range (40-90)
* Strengths in language
* Good face recognition
* Strong social interaction skills
136
What is the genetic profile of Williams Syndrome?
Associated with a pattern of gene deletion, with different groups linked to various traits.
## Footnote
The specific genes or chromosomes are less important than the patterns of deletion.
137
What language processing strengths are observed in individuals with Williams Syndrome?
* Expressive language abilities
* Good comprehension and production of complex grammatical sentences
* Uncommonly good vocabularies
* Use of affectively rich language
138
What challenges do individuals with Williams Syndrome face in social cognition?
They perform poorly on verbal and non-verbal Theory of Mind tests and often struggle with social judgments.
## Footnote
They may find it difficult to maintain friendships.
139
What difficulties do individuals with Williams Syndrome encounter in spatial cognition?
Struggle with global organization/configuration while doing well on local details.
## Footnote
They can produce smaller shapes but struggle to create bigger shapes.
140
What theories explain the visual-spatial processing challenges in Williams Syndrome?
* Dorsal Stream Deficit Hypothesis
* Local Processing Bias Hypothesis
141
In the context of facial recognition, what do individuals with Williams Syndrome struggle with?
Detecting differences in facial configurations.
## Footnote
They perform similarly to typically developing individuals in detecting facial features.
142
What is the impact of gene-environment interactions on language development in Williams Syndrome?
The absence of certain genes may be associated with impaired language, but the role of gene-environment interactions is still unclear.
## Footnote
Different genes may play varying roles across ages.
143
What is visuo-spatial processing?
The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in a spatial context
## Footnote
This includes understanding object location and motion.
144
What does the ventral stream primarily handle?
Object recognition and form processing
## Footnote
It contrasts with the dorsal stream which is involved in motion processing.
145
What suggests a difference in dorsal stream processing in individuals with WS?
Dorsal stream deficit hypothesis
## Footnote
This hypothesis posits that individuals with Williams Syndrome show distinct processing patterns.
146
What age group was tested to investigate the dorsal stream deficit hypothesis?
Children aged 4-15 years old
147
In Task 1 of the study, what were children asked to identify?
Whether there were any concentric circles present on the left or right of the display
148
What was the main finding regarding motion and form processing in children?
Children were worse at motion than form at age 4-5
## Footnote
This indicates a dorsal stream deficit.
149
At what age did performance equalize for typically developing children?
By age 15
150
What was observed in a small subset of WS children regarding processing?
They were consistently worse at motion than form up to age 15
151
What other impairment was noted in some WS children?
Impairment on both form and motion processing
152
What did the findings suggest about children with WS?
They show a deficit in dorsal stream processing of motion and some also in ventral stream processing of form
153
What is the Dorsal Stream Deficit Hypothesis?
A theory suggesting that individuals with Williams Syndrome have deficits in processing motion
154
What was found in adults with Williams Syndrome regarding brain activity?
Reduced activation in parietal lobe areas of the dorsal stream
155
What does the term 'Local Processing Bias Hypothesis' refer to?
A theory suggesting a difference in processing focus rather than a deficit
156
What are some genes linked to in relation to Williams Syndrome?
The development of the dorsal stream
157
What is the focus of Cognitive Genetics?
The role of genes in coding for particular cognitive abilities
158
What does Neuroconstructivism emphasize?
The role of gene expression through development
159
How do disorders typically manifest according to Neuroconstructivism?
As constellations of strengths and weaknesses across different cognitive domains
160
What interaction is emphasized in Neuroconstructivism?
Gene-environment interactions
161
Fill in the blank: The dorsal stream is primarily responsible for _______.
motion processing
162
True or False: The dorsal stream deficit is present in all individuals with Williams Syndrome.
False
163
What is infantile amnesia?
Phenomenon that older children and adults are unable to recall many long-term autobiographic memories from infancy and early childhood.
## Footnote
Studies suggest people hold few memories from before the age of 5.
164
What did Sheingold & Tenney (1982) investigate?
The birth of siblings as a highly memorable event to study early memory recall.
## Footnote
This allowed for controlled reporting and verification of memories.
165
What are the two questions posed by Sheingold & Tenney (1982) regarding younger children's memory?
* Do younger children simply not encode these memories?
* Or do they encode these memories but forget them later?
166
What is the Memory Format Change hypothesis?
The format of memories may change with increasing age, making early memories inaccessible later in life.
## Footnote
This refers to a shift from non-verbal to more verbal memory formats.
167
What does the Neural Change hypothesis suggest?
Immature brain areas, such as the hippocampus, are unable to store memories very well.
168
What is the Cueing hypothesis?
Early memories are accessible only with non-verbal cues similar to the original memory, while memories encoded with language are easier to cue later.
169
What was the aim of Simcock & Hayne (2003)?
To test the Memory Format Change hypothesis by examining verbal recall in children of different ages.
170
What age groups were involved in Simcock & Hayne's (2003) study?
Children aged 2 and 4 years.
171
What were the results of Simcock & Hayne (2003) regarding non-verbal and verbal memory recall?
* Non-verbal recall was superior to verbal recall in both age groups.
* Verbal recall was challenging for 2-year-olds.
172
What conclusion did Simcock & Hayne (2003) reach about non-verbal memory?
Children’s non-verbal memory was superior to verbal memory, particularly for those under 4 years old.
173
What limitation did Simcock & Hayne (2003) identify in their study?
Only included children still in the infantile amnesia phase (ages 2-4 years).
174
What did the follow-up study by Jack, Simcock & Hayne (2012) find?
Only 20% of children verbally reported the event from ages 2-4 when they were now 8-10 years old.
175
What does the follow-up study suggest about verbal ability and infantile amnesia?
Verbal ability at age 2-4 does not predict recall of the event at age 8-10.
176
Fill in the blank: The study by Simcock & Hayne (2003) supports the _______ hypothesis.
Memory Format Change
177
True or False: Children with better language skills recalled events more frequently than those with poorer language skills.
True
178
What was a strength of the Simcock & Hayne (2003) study?
Created an engaging task for both age groups.
179
What is a potential future study suggested by Simcock & Hayne (2003)?
A longitudinal study to test if memories formed in infancy carry over beyond the infantile amnesia phase.
