Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Why is a sense of self important?
A
- Helps to function in the world
- Prevents misunderstandings of bodily limits
- Influences self-esteem
2
Q
What is the Rouge Test used to measure?
A
Self-awareness in infants
3
Q
At what age do infants typically pass the Rouge Test?
A
15 to 18 months
4
Q
What is the categorical self?
A
Understanding oneself through the social groups one belongs to
5
Q
How can the categorical self be measured in children?
A
Self-other confusion paradigm
6
Q
What are characteristics of independent cultures?
A
- Emphasise autonomy
- Individual decision making
- Personal distinctiveness
7
Q
What are characteristics of interdependent cultures?
A
- Emphasise social connection
- Conformity
- Relations with others
8
Q
What did Keller’s research suggest about parenting in independent cultures?
A
- Intensive attention from parents
- Face-to-face communication is the norm
- Importance of being alone for self-identity
9
Q
What is body awareness in children?
A
Understanding the size and structure of their own bodies
10
Q
At what age do children begin to understand their own body size?
A
17 to 30 months
11
Q
What did Thompson et al. (1997) find about children’s body image?
A
Almost all children wanted to be slimmer than they were
12
Q
What influence do parents have on children’s body satisfaction?
A
Children develop a positive evaluation of their shape if parents discuss bodies in terms of physical health
13
Q
True or False: Narcissism is characterized by an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance.
A
True
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a method for studying early self-awareness in infants.
A
Rouge Test
15
Q
What is the significance of the Still Face Paradigm in understanding infant behavior?
A
Infants become upset if their behavior stops having an effect on their interaction partner
16
Q
What is the relationship between self-recognition and empathy in infants according to Bischof-Kohler (1991)?
A
Only infants who passed the Rouge Test displayed empathy
17
Q
What social stimuli do infants show preferences for according to Johnson et al. (1991)?
A
Face-like stimuli
18
Q
What does the term ‘self-esteem’ refer to?
A
Perception of our own abilities and potential
19
Q
What are some negative attributes attributed to overweight individuals by children?
A
- Silly
- Mean
- Rude
- Lazy
- Angry
20
Q
What is the role of media in shaping children’s body image?
A
Children’s media often promotes thinner body ideals
21
Q
What does the term ‘self-presentation’ mean?
A
Ability to manage our reputations
22
Q
What developmental changes occur in language use regarding self-reference?
A
Use of ‘I’, ‘That’s mine!’, and comparisons like ‘I am taller than…’
23
Q
What is the importance of the social context in understanding the self?
A
Social groups influence identity and self-esteem
24
Q
How do children from interdependent cultures typically portray themselves in drawings?
A
Smaller relative to other people
25
What are some common negative stereotypes associated with slightly overweight individuals?
Silly, mean, rude, lazy, angry
## Footnote
These stereotypes can affect how individuals are perceived and treated by others.
26
What did Birgeneau (2004) find regarding adults' evaluations of overweight children?
Adults negatively evaluate overweight children
## Footnote
This highlights societal biases and their impact on children's self-perception.
27
How does parental discussion about bodies influence children's body satisfaction?
Children develop a positive evaluation of their shape if parents discuss bodies in terms of physical health rather than weight control
## Footnote
This emphasizes the role of parental influence in shaping body image.
28
What correlation did Smolak (2004) find regarding children's body perceptions?
Positive correlation between children’s views of their bodies and parents' views of their children’s bodies
## Footnote
This indicates that parental attitudes can directly affect children's body image.
29
Define self-esteem.
A person’s evaluation of their own worth
## Footnote
Self-esteem is crucial for overall well-being.
30
What does strong and stable self-esteem correlate with?
Well-being
## Footnote
High self-esteem is linked to positive mental health outcomes.
31
What does Leary's Sociometer theory suggest about self-esteem?
Self-esteem allows people to determine how successfully they are navigating their personal relationships
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes the social nature of self-esteem.
32
List the five domains of self-esteem identified by Harter (1993).
* Scholastic competence
* Social acceptance
* Athletic competence
* Physical appearance
* Behavioural conduct
## Footnote
These domains illustrate the multifaceted nature of self-esteem.
33
What is the attribution theory in relation to self-esteem?
Children with low self-esteem attribute positive events to external causes and negative events to internal causes
## Footnote
This can create a cycle of negative self-perception.
34
Define self-efficacy.
A person’s evaluation of their ability to achieve a goal in a particular domain
## Footnote
Self-efficacy influences motivation and performance.
35
What are the two mindsets identified by Dweck?
* Fixed mindset
* Growth mindset
## Footnote
These mindsets affect how children perceive their abilities and potential.
36
How does feedback influence children's mindsets according to Dweck?
Praising abilities leads to a fixed mindset; praising effort leads to a growth mindset
## Footnote
This has implications for educational practices.
37
What is the impact of having a growth mindset on children's behavior?
Children with a growth mindset tend to persevere longer on challenging tasks and are more willing to tackle difficult tasks
## Footnote
This underscores the importance of fostering a growth mindset in educational settings.
38
What are the two types of self discussed in self-presentation?
* Public self
* Private self
## Footnote
Understanding these selves helps in comprehending social interactions.
39
What was the focus of Engelmann and colleagues' (2013) study on reputation management in children?
Investigated whether young children attempt to manage their reputations during a game involving stickers
## Footnote
This study highlights the early development of social awareness in children.
40
What behavior did children exhibit when being watched versus when alone in Engelmann's study?
Children were more likely to help when watched and more likely to steal when alone
## Footnote
This indicates an understanding of social norms and reputation.
41
How does children's understanding of body size develop?
Children’s understanding of body size develops slowly over the first few years of life
## Footnote
This gradual development can influence self-image and social interactions.
42
What implications does children's satisfaction with their bodies have?
Important implications for their well-being
## Footnote
Body satisfaction is linked to mental health and social interactions.
43
How can children's sense of their own potential be influenced?
By the feedback they receive
## Footnote
Positive reinforcement can enhance self-efficacy and motivation.
44
What does it mean for children to strategically manage their 'public selves'?
Children try to influence how others think about them
## Footnote
This behavior indicates early social cognition and awareness of reputation.
45
What is prosocial behaviour?
Behaviour that benefits someone else at a cost to the self.
46
What are the two forms of reciprocity that could explain the evolution of prosociality?
* Reciprocity
* Indirect reciprocity
47
What did Warneken & Tomasello (2006) investigate regarding prosociality in infants?
Whether 18-month-old infants are helpful.
48
What are the three prosocial emotions mentioned?
* Empathy
* Sympathy
* Guilt
49
Define empathy in the context of prosocial behaviour.
Feeling as others feel.
50
What did Simner (1971) find about infants and empathy?
Infants cry when they hear another infant crying.
51
What is sympathy?
Feeling concern for others.
52
What did Zahn-Waxler et al. (1992) investigate regarding infants?
Infants’ responses to their mothers’ distress.
53
List some types of prosocial behaviours coded by Zahn-Waxler et al. (1992).
* Physical comfort (e.g., hugs, pats, kisses)
* Verbal comfort (e.g., “You be okay,” “Are you okay?”)
* Verbal advice (e.g., “Be careful”)
* Helping (e.g., puts on a bandage)
* Sharing (e.g., gives food)
54
How does prosocial responding change with age?
Prosocial responding increased and became more diverse over the second year of life.
55
What did Vaish et al. (2009) find regarding sympathy without emotional cues?
Young children can sympathise with others even in the absence of overt emotional cues.
56
True or False: Guilt is an aversive emotion that follows the realization one has harmed another person.
True
57
What role does guilt play in adults according to the content?
It motivates reparative and prosocial behaviors, regulating social interactions.
58
At what age does guilt as a distinct motivator of prosocial behavior emerge?
By at least 3 years.
59
What did Tangney & Dearing (2002) find about children prone to guilt?
They were less likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated in adolescence.
60
How may parents influence children's prosocial behaviour?
* Modeling empathic and responsive behavior
* Direct instruction
* Scaffolding participation in household tasks
61
What is parental mental state talk?
Parents use a variety of emotion and mental state vocabulary in conversation with young children.
62
What did Brownell et al. (2013) find about parents' mental state talk?
It predicted emotion-based helping but not simple goal-directed helping.
63
Define aggression.
Behaviour that intentionally harms other people by inflicting pain or injury on them.
64
What is relational aggression?
Behaviour that intentionally upsets another person, such as criticizing or social excluding.
65
What was found about children high in negative emotions?
They were more likely to be high in aggression.
66
What is a hostile attribution bias?
The expectation that other people are hostile, priming aggressive behavior.
67
What percentage of children's TV programmes in the US contain violence according to Federman (1998)?
66%
68
What did Moffitt et al. (1996) discover about a sub-sample of boys in their study?
They were consistently anti-social in childhood and adolescence.
69
What traits characterize youth at risk for severe and violent antisocial behavior?
* Limited empathy
* A lack of guilt
* Shallow affect
70
What did Viding et al. (2005) find regarding antisocial behavior with callous-unemotional traits?
It was strongly heritable.
71
What can help reduce aggressive behaviour according to the summary?
Nutritional changes.
72
What are the three components of morality?
* Moral judgment
* Moral behaviour
* Moral emotions
73
Who conducted studies linking moral development to moral reasoning?
Piaget.
74
What did Piaget find about younger vs. older children's moral judgments?
Younger children judge negative outcomes more harshly; older children judge negative intentions more harshly.
75
What is Kohlberg's famous moral dilemma about?
Heinz, whose wife needs a drug that he cannot afford.
76
What did Walker (1989) find regarding moral reasoning in participants over time?
Lower level reasoning decreased while higher level reasoning increased with age.
77
What critique is mentioned regarding Kohlberg’s stages?
The samples were not representative, and higher cognitive development does not automatically lead to moral actions.
78
What did Hamlin et al. (2007) investigate in relation to moral evaluation?
Whether much younger children show signs of moral evaluation.
79
What stage was rarely seen in the data according to Walker & Henning?
Stage 6
## Footnote
This refers to Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
80
What do the tasks in Kohlberg's studies focus on?
Verbally demanding legalistic dilemmas
## Footnote
This focus may underestimate the abilities of young children.
81
What did Hamlin et al. (2007) investigate?
Whether much younger children show signs of moral evaluation
## Footnote
This research aimed to explore moral understanding in infants.
82
What did Hamlin et al. do to create scenarios for their study?
Removed verbal demands
## Footnote
This approach allowed even infants to understand the scenarios.
83
What is one critique of Kohlberg’s stages?
The dependent variable may not represent moral judgment
## Footnote
This raises questions about the validity of his findings.
84
What evidence do Hamlin et al. provide regarding moral judgment?
Origins of moral judgment appear very early in development
## Footnote
This suggests that moral evaluation starts in infancy.
85
According to Hart (1988), how can parents influence children's moral judgment?
By being warm, sympathetic, and supportive
## Footnote
Such parenting leads to effective emotional regulation and sophisticated moral judgment.
86
What did Piaget and Kohlberg argue was crucial for moral judgment development?
Negotiating with peers
## Footnote
This interaction is essential for developing moral reasoning.
87
What did Walker et al. (2000) find about peer interactions and moral judgment?
Quality of peer interactions at age 9 predicted moral judgment 4 years later
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of social influences on moral development.
88
Which theorists are closely associated with the study of moral judgment?
Piaget and Kohlberg
## Footnote
Both proposed influential stage-based theories of moral development.
89
What is a recent trend regarding Piaget and Kohlberg's theories?
They have been heavily critiqued in recent years
## Footnote
This reflects ongoing debates in developmental psychology.
90
Define play.
Behaviour that is enjoyable and done for its own sake with no obvious, immediate purpose.
91
List examples of play.
* Playing computer games
* Putting a doll to bed
* Doctors and patients
* Using a banana as a telephone
* A young child repeatedly dropping their fork
* A baby banging blocks together
* A young child talking to herself while lying in bed
92
What is sensorimotor play?
A type of play involving exploration through sensory and motor activities.
93
What is rough and tumble play?
Play fighting that is common among children.
94
What are the benefits of rough and tumble play according to Pellegrini & Smith (1998)?
* Helps establish a dominance hierarchy
* Does not lead to aggression
* Can lead to continued affiliation through further games
95
What is pretend play?
When a child makes non-literal use of an object or action.
96
What is decentration in the context of pretend play?
The process by which children pretend first by themselves and later with an increasing number of objects.
97
What percentage of pretend play was social according to Haight and Miller (1993)?
75%
98
What is scaffolding in pretend play?
When parents facilitate children's engagement in pretend play.
99
What did Slade (1987) find regarding mothers joining in children's play?
The level and complexity of children’s play increased.
100
What is the significance of pretend play according to Tomasello et al. (2005)?
It creates a shared fictional reality based on joint goals.
101
Fill in the blank: Pretend play training significantly improved children’s performance on _______.
theory of mind tests.
102
What is an imaginary companion?
A non-existent friend created by a child.
103
What age range is most common for children to have imaginary companions?
Ages 3 to 8.
104
What did Majors (2007) find about imaginary companions?
They help stave off loneliness for children.
105
Define friendship in the context of child development.
A close association between two or more children.
106
What do children aged 6 to 8 associate with friendship according to Bigelow and La Gaipa (1980)?
Common activities and living nearby.
107
What are the characteristics of friendships during the preschool period according to Gifford-Smith & Brownell (2002)?
Stable patterns of friendship that endure over time.
108
How do friends resolve conflicts compared to non-friends according to Hartup (1996)?
Friends resolve conflicts more quickly and amicably.
109
What is sociometric status?
A measure of children's social status based on peer interactions.
110
What behaviors do popular children exhibit when joining play according to Dodge et al. (1983)?
They wait and watch, then make group-oriented statements.
111
What is the relationship between peer rejection and future outcomes according to Bagwell et al. (1998)?
Peer rejection predicted poorer job aspiration and performance.
112
What did McGlothlin and Killen (2011) find regarding intergroup biases?
Children's friendship decisions and moral evaluations are influenced by their social behavior and intergroup biases.
113
Define bullying.
A subset of aggressive behavior characterized by an imbalance of power and repetition.
114
What percentage of children in the UK are estimated to bully others?
5%
115
What are the effects of bullying according to Hawker and Boulton (2000)?
Strongly correlated with depression and moderately correlated with low self-esteem.
116
What factors are associated with children who bully others according to Curtner-Smith et al. (2010)?
* Insecure attachment
* Harsh physical discipline
* Parental maltreatment
117
What does the DSM define as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
* Impairments in social interaction
* Impairments in communication
* Repetitive behaviors within a narrow set of interests
118
What early sign of autism did Pierce et al. (2011) examine?
Preference for looking at geometric repetition.
119
What did Klin et al. (2002) find regarding attention in autistic children?
They pay less attention to other people’s eyes.
120
What do Baron-Cohen et al. (2003) suggest about autistic individuals and friendships?
They score lower on friendship questionnaires than controls.
121
What does the social motivation account suggest about autistic children?
Diminished social inputs lead to reduced learning opportunities in social cognition.
122
What theory has been tested with visuo-spatial tasks?
The theory that autistic individuals tend to perform better than controls in the embedded figures test.
## Footnote
The embedded figures test assesses visuo-spatial skills.
123
What is the effect of diminished social inputs on autistic individuals?
It leads to diminished expertise in social cognition.
## Footnote
This concept is supported by the social motivation account.
124
According to Chevallier et al. (2012), what is observed in autistic children regarding social interest?
Autistic children have diminished social interest.
## Footnote
This finding suggests that autistic children may not seek social interaction as typically developing children do.
125
What measure did Chevallier et al. (2012) use to assess the value of social interaction for autistic teenagers?
A self-report measure.
## Footnote
This measure evaluates how rewarding autistic teenagers find social interaction.
126
What age range did the participants of Chevallier et al.'s study fall into?
10 - 16-year-old typically developing adolescents and autistic adolescents.
127
What scale was used in the study to assess pleasure?
The Kazdin (1989) pleasure scale.
## Footnote
The scale includes social and non-social items.
128
What do 'social pleasure' items in the Kazdin scale cover?
Interpersonal pleasure of being with people, talking, exchanging feelings, doing things with others.
## Footnote
An example item includes overhearing a compliment from a teacher.
129
What do 'physical pleasures' include according to the Kazdin scale?
Pleasure of eating, touching, feeling, movement, smell, and sounds.
## Footnote
An example item is cycling down the street quickly.
130
What are 'other pleasures' in the Kazdin scale?
Non-physical and non-social pleasures such as intellectual pleasure and achievement.
## Footnote
An example item is teaching a pet a new trick.
131
What could reduce engagement with social interactions for autistic children?
Anxiety and stigma or bullying.
## Footnote
These factors may contribute to a lack of interest in social interaction.
132
What does heterogeneity in autism refer to?
The extreme diversity within Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
## Footnote
Autism is often viewed as a homogenous group, but this view overlooks significant variations.
133
What is a common issue in psychological research related to autistic individuals?
Dehumanization of autistic individuals.
## Footnote
This dehumanization is often highlighted by individuals within the autistic community.
134
What concept did Yergeau (2013) discuss regarding autistic individuals?
Impaired 'theory of mind'.
## Footnote
This concept was originally proposed by Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith (1985).
135
What is one of the quintessential abilities that makes us human according to Baron-Cohen (1997)?
'Theory of mind'.
## Footnote
Difficulties with theory of mind are considered universal among autistic individuals.
136
What challenges are autistic children likely to face according to the summary?
Reduced interest in social stimuli and social interaction difficulties.
## Footnote
Multiple theories have been proposed to explain these challenges.
137
True or False: There may be subtypes within the ASD diagnosis.
True.
138
Define biological sex.
Physical anatomy of the reproductive system, including chromosomal differences, internal reproductive structures, and hormone levels.
139
What does gender refer to?
Social roles, behaviours, and activities considered appropriate for men and women.
140
True or False: Gender may not align with biological sex.
True
141
At what age do children typically develop gender constancy according to Slaby and Frey (1975)?
By the age of 3 or 4.
142
What social influences contribute to gender identity?
* Reinforcement
* Imitation
* Norm enforcement
143
How did fathers respond to children playing with gender stereotypical toys according to Langolis and Downs (1980)?
Fathers responded more positively.
144
What did Hamilton et al. (2006) find in their analysis of children's books?
Females were more often presented in nurturing roles and depicted primarily inside the home.
145
What is gender dysphoria?
A condition where a person identifies as a different gender from the one assigned at birth.
146
What did Olson et al. (2012) investigate regarding transgender children?
Whether transgender children show a clear indication of their expressed gender identity.
147
What percentage of participants in Durwood et al. (2022) had retransitioned at least once?
Approximately 7.25% (23 out of 317 participants).
148
What were the findings of Durwood, McLaughlin, and Olson (2017) regarding the mental health of socially transitioned children?
Transgender children reported depression and self-worth comparable to control groups, but marginally higher anxiety.
149
What does gender bias refer to?
Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on gender.
150
What is the average earnings ratio of females to males according to Goldin (2014)?
Females earn on average 70% of what their male counterparts earn.
151
Fill in the blank: Children were aware of gender stereotypes, allocating stereotypically male toys to _______ and female toys to _______.
[males], [females]
152
What is ambivalent sexism?
Generally positive evaluations or stereotypes of women coexisting with more negative appraisals in specific contexts.
153
What effect does identifying with disadvantaged groups have on children?
It may affect their estimates of their own potential.
154
What did Liben et al. (2001) discover regarding children's attitudes towards gender and career aspirations?
Children judge traditionally male jobs as higher status and more desirable.
155
What is racism defined as?
Prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination based on perceived racial categories.
156
What did Kinzler and Spelke (2011) find regarding racial bias in children?
Race is not a particularly salient social category to children.
157
What is xenophobia?
Prejudice against people from other countries.
158
What is dehumanization?
The tendency to perceive members of other social groups as less human.
159
According to Paluck (2011), what methods can help reduce intergroup bias?
* Contact and cooperation
* Extended contact
* Superordinate goals
* Behaviour training
160
What was the outcome of Paluck's intervention after five months?
Peer Trainers in treatment schools were more likely to be nominated as people likely to confront prejudice.
161
By age 6, what subtle behavior do majority group children exhibit towards members of other groups?
They begin to dehumanize them.
162
What are some causes of aggression in children?
Aggression has many causes including:
* Neuropsychological abnormalities
* Harsh parenting
* Socioeconomic deprivation
* Poor peer relations
* Attitudes and beliefs supporting aggression
* Drug and alcohol abuse
## Footnote
These factors can interact in complex ways to influence behavior.
163
How much time do children spend in front of screens daily?
Children spend 6.5 hours every day in front of TV and computer screens.
## Footnote
Source: Connected Kids Report, 2015.
164
In children's programmes, how does violence compare to other types of programming?
Violence occurs more frequently in children's programmes than in other programmes.
## Footnote
Source: Wilson et al., 2002.
165
By age 16, how many killings will the average American child have seen on TV?
Approximately 13,000 killings.
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the exposure children have to violence in media.
166
What are some ways observing TV violence might lead to aggressive behavior?
Observing TV violence may:
* Encourage aggression through imitation
* Associate violence with positive feelings through arousal
* Desensitize children to the negative consequences of aggression
* Teach children aggressive 'scripts' for dealing with social situations
## Footnote
These mechanisms highlight the potential impact of media on behavior.
167
What do researchers suggest about children learning 'scripts' from violent TV?
Children may learn 'scripts' from watching violent TV, leading them to believe that violence is a way to deal with problems or resolve situations.
## Footnote
This learning can shape their social interactions and conflict resolution strategies.
168
What is an alternative hypothesis regarding aggressive children and TV violence?
Aggressive children might feel happier and more justified in their behavior if they believe others act similarly, possibly leading them to seek out violent TV programmes.
## Footnote
This hypothesis suggests a feedback loop between aggression and media consumption.
169
What findings were consistently observed in experimental studies involving children and violent clips?
Children who see violent clips behave more aggressively toward each other and other objects.
## Footnote
This finding has been supported by multiple studies including those by Bjorkqvist and Bandura.
170
What was the focus of Huesmann et al. (1984) in their study?
Huesmann and colleagues conducted a 3-year longitudinal study to examine the relationship between TV habits and aggression in children across different countries.
## Footnote
This study included both boys and girls.
171
What predicted aggressive behavior in children three years later, according to Eron (1986)?
Children's TV viewing habits in the first grade predicted their aggressive behavior three years later.
## Footnote
Even when controlling for initial levels of aggression, this relationship held.
172
What were the four questions the authors sought to address in their follow-up study?
The authors aimed to address:
1. To what extent does early childhood exposure to media violence predict young-adult aggression?
2. Are there gender differences in the predictability?
3. Does identification with aggressive characters affect the prediction strength?
4. Is the long-term relationship due to aggressive children liking violent content or a third variable?
## Footnote
These questions guide the investigation of media influence on long-term behavior.
173
What was the age range of participants at follow-up in the study?
Participants were 20 to 25 years old, with a mean age of 22.
## Footnote
This age range allows for the examination of adult behavior influenced by childhood experiences.
174
How was adult aggressive behavior measured in the study?
Adult aggressive behavior was measured through:
* Self-report
* Reports from other people
* Archival data
## Footnote
Multiple measures enhance the reliability of the findings.
175
Did viewing TV violence in childhood predict adult aggression 15 years later?
Yes, viewing TV violence predicted adult aggression, with correlation coefficients of r = .21 for males and r = .19 for females.
## Footnote
These results indicate a significant, albeit moderate, association.
176
What variables were controlled for in the analysis of the relationship between TV violence and adult aggression?
The analyses controlled for:
* Parent variables
* Socioeconomic status (SES)
* Intellectual ability
## Footnote
This approach strengthens the argument for a direct relationship between media violence and aggression.
177
What effect did identification with same-sex aggressive characters have on adult aggression scores?
Participants who identified highly with same-sex aggressive characters scored significantly higher on adult aggression 15 years later, with a stronger effect for males.
## Footnote
This suggests that personal identification with media characters may amplify aggressive tendencies.
178
What recommendations do the authors make for the prevention of violence?
The authors recommend:
* Reducing production of violent material
* Reducing children's exposure to violence
* Parental co-viewing and commentary
* School-based attitude change interventions
## Footnote
These strategies aim to mitigate the impact of violent media on children.
179
True or False: Broadcasters and film makers bear no responsibility for what children are exposed to.
False
## Footnote
The authors argue that broadcasters and filmmakers have a responsibility for the content children see.
180
What should be considered in future research on media violence and aggression?
Future research could explore:
* New media formats and their impact
* Longitudinal effects of media exposure
* Intervention strategies for families
* Cross-cultural comparisons of media influence
## Footnote
This could provide deeper insights into the relationship between media and behavior.
